Position dependent coefficient reordering in coded video

ABSTRACT

Methods, system and apparatus for video processing are described. One example method of processing video data includes performing a conversion between a current block of a video and a bitstream of the video. Samples of the current block are represented in the bitstream using coefficients that are arranged according to a rule responsive to locations of the samples of the current block.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2021/132697, filed on Nov. 24, 2021, which claims the priority to and benefits of International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2020/131205, filed on Nov. 24, 2020. All the aforementioned patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This patent document relates to image and video coding and decoding.

BACKGROUND

Digital video accounts for the largest bandwidth use on the internet and other digital communication networks. As the number of connected user devices capable of receiving and displaying video increases, it is expected that the bandwidth demand for digital video usage will continue to grow.

SUMMARY

The present document discloses techniques that can be used by video encoders and decoders for processing coded representation of video using control information useful for decoding of the coded representation.

In one example aspect, a method of processing video data includes performing a conversion between a current block of a video and a bitstream of the video. Coefficients corresponding to samples of the current block in the bitstream are arranged before being used in a reconstruction of the current block according to a rule responsive to locations of the samples of the current block.

In another example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. The method includes making a determination, for a conversion between a video block of a video and a coded representation of the video, whether a horizontal or a vertical identity transform is applied to the video block, based on a rule; and performing the conversion based on the determination. The rule specifies a relationship between the determination and representative coefficients from decoded coefficients of one or more representative blocks of the video.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed. The method includes making a determination, for a conversion between a video block of a video and a coded representation of the video, whether a horizontal or a vertical identity transform is applied to the video block, based on a rule; and performing the conversion based on the determination. The rule specifies a relationship between the determination and decoded luma coefficients of the video block.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed. The method includes making a determination, for a conversion between a video block of a video and a coded representation of the video, whether a horizontal or a vertical identity transform is applied to the video block, based on a rule; and performing the conversion based on the determination. The rule specifies a relationship between the determination and a value V associates with representative coefficients of decoded coefficients or a representative block.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed. The method includes determining that one or more syntax fields are present in a coded representation of a video where the video contains one or more video blocks; making a determination, based on the one or more syntax fields, whether a horizontal or a vertical identity transform is enabled for video blocks in the video.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed. The method includes making a first determination regarding whether use of an identity transform is enabled for a conversion between a video block of a video and a coded representation of the video; making a second determination regarding whether a zero-out operation is enabled during the conversion; and performing the conversion based on the first determination and the second determination.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed. The method includes performing a conversion between a video block of a video and a coded representation of the video; where the video block is represented in the coded representation as a coded block, where non-zero coefficients of the coded block are restricted to be within one or more sub-regions; and where an identity transform is applied for generating the coded block.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed. The method includes performing a conversion between a video comprising one or more video regions and a coded representation of the video, wherein the coded representation complies with a format rule; wherein the format rule specifies that coefficients of a video region are reordered according to a map after parsing from the coded representation.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed. The method includes determining, for a conversion of a video block of a video and a coded representation of the video, whether the video block meets a condition for signaling in the coded representation as a partial residual block; and performing the conversion according to determining; wherein the partial residual block is partitioned into at least two parts, with at least one part having no non-zero residues signaled in the coded representation.

In yet another example aspect, a video encoder apparatus is disclosed. The video encoder comprises a processor configured to implement above-described methods.

In yet another example aspect, a video decoder apparatus is disclosed. The video decoder comprises a processor configured to implement above-described methods.

In yet another example aspect, a computer readable medium having code stored thereon is disclose. The code embodies one of the methods described herein in the form of processor-executable code.

These, and other, features are described throughout the present document.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an example video encoder block diagram.

FIG. 2 shows an example of 67 intra prediction modes.

FIG. 3A shows an example of reference samples for wide-angular intra prediction.

FIG. 3B shows another example of reference samples for wide-angular intra prediction.

FIG. 4 illustrates a problem of discontinuity in case of directions beyond 45 degree.

FIG. 5A shows an example definition of samples used by PDPC applied to diagonal and adjacent angular intra modes.

FIG. 5B shows another example definition of samples used by PDPC applied to diagonal and adjacent angular intra modes.

FIG. 5C shows another example definition of samples used by PDPC applied to diagonal and adjacent angular intra modes.

FIG. 5D show yet another example definition of samples used by PDPC applied to diagonal and adjacent angular intra modes.

FIG. 6 shows an example of division of 4×8 and 8×4 blocks.

FIG. 7 shows an example of division of all blocks except 4×8, 8×4 and 4×4.

FIG. 8 shows an example of a secondary transform in JEM.

FIG. 9 shows an example of reduced secondary transform LFNST.

FIG. 10A shows an example of a forward reduced transform.

FIG. 10B shows an example of an invert reduced transform.

FIG. 11 shows an example of forward LFNST8×8 process with 16×48 matrix.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of scanning position 17 to 64 for non-zero element.

FIG. 13 is an example Illustration of sub-block transform modes SBT-V and SBT-H.

FIG. 14A illustrates an example of Scan region based Coefficient Coding (SRCC).

FIG. 14B illustrates another example of Scan region based Coefficient Coding (SRCC).

FIG. 15A illustrates an example restriction of IST according to non-zero coefficients' positions.

FIG. 15B illustrates another example restriction of IST according to non-zero coefficients' positions.

FIG. 16A shows an example zero-out type of TS coded blocks.

FIG. 16B shows another example zero-out type of TS coded blocks.

FIG. 16C shows another example zero-out type of TS coded blocks.

FIG. 16D shows yet another zero-out type of TS coded blocks.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of an example video processing system.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram that illustrates a video coding system in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 19 is a block diagram that illustrates an encoder in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram that illustrates a decoder in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 21 is a block diagram of a video processing apparatus.

FIG. 22 is a flowchart for an example method of video processing.

FIG. 23 shows an example of an L shaped partition of a partial residual block.

FIG. 24 shows an example of a coefficients reordering method.

FIG. 25 shows an example of a coefficients reordering method.

FIG. 26 is a flowchart representation of a method of processing video data in accordance with the present technology.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Section headings are used in the present document for ease of understanding and do not limit the applicability of techniques and embodiments disclosed in each section only to that section. Furthermore, H.266 terminology is used in some description only for ease of understanding and not for limiting scope of the disclosed techniques. As such, the techniques described herein are applicable to other video codec protocols and designs also.

1. Overview

This document is related to video coding technologies. Specifically, it is related to transform skip mode and transform types (e.g., including identity transform) in video coding. It may be applied to the existing video coding standard like HEVC, or the standard (Versatile Video Coding) to be finalized. It may be also applicable to future video coding standards or video codec.

2. Initial Discussion

Video coding standards have evolved primarily through the development of the well-known ITU-T and ISO/IEC standards. The ITU-T produced H.261 and H.263, ISO/IEC produced MPEG-1 and MPEG-4 Visual, and the two organizations jointly produced the H.262/MPEG-2 Video and H.264/MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and H.265/HEVC standards. Since H.262, the video coding standards are based on the hybrid video coding structure where temporal prediction plus transform coding are utilized. To explore the future video coding technologies beyond HEVC, Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) was founded by VCEG and MPEG jointly in 2015. Since then, many new methods have been adopted by JVET and put into the reference software named Joint Exploration Model (JEM). In April 2018, the Joint Video Expert Team (JVET) between VCEG (Q6/16) and ISO/IEC JTC1 SC29/WG11 (MPEG) was created to work on the VVC standard targeting at 50% bitrate reduction compared to HEVC.

2.1. Coding Flow of a Typical Video Codec

FIG. 1 shows an example of encoder block diagram of VVC, which contains three in-loop filtering blocks: deblocking filter (DF), sample adaptive offset (SAO) and ALF. Unlike DF, which uses predefined filters, SAO and ALF utilize the original samples of the current picture to reduce the mean square errors between the original samples and the reconstructed samples by adding an offset and by applying a finite impulse response (FIR) filter, respectively, with coded side information signaling the offsets and filter coefficients. ALF is located at the last processing stage of each picture and can be regarded as a tool trying to catch and fix artifacts created by the previous stages.

2.2. Intra Mode Coding with 67 Intra Prediction Modes

To capture the arbitrary edge directions presented in natural video, the number of directional intra modes is extended from 33, as used in HEVC, to 65. The additional directional modes are depicted as red dotted arrows in FIG. 2 , and the planar and DC modes remain the same. These denser directional intra prediction modes apply for all block sizes and for both luma and chroma intra predictions.

Conventional angular intra prediction directions are defined from 45 degrees to −135 degrees in clockwise direction as shown in FIG. 2 . In VTM2, several conventional angular intra prediction modes are adaptively replaced with wide-angle intra prediction modes for the non-square blocks. The replaced modes are signaled using the original method and remapped to the indexes of wide angular modes after parsing. The total number of intra prediction modes is unchanged, e.g., 67, and the intra mode coding is unchanged.

In the HEVC, every intra-coded block has a square shape and the length of each of its side is a power of 2. Thus, no division operations are required to generate an intra-predictor using DC mode. In VVV2, blocks can have a rectangular shape that necessitates the use of a division operation per block in the general case. To avoid division operations for DC prediction, only the longer side is used to compute the average for non-square blocks.

2.3. Wide-Angle Intra Prediction for Non-Square Blocks

Conventional angular intra prediction directions are defined from 45 degrees to −135 degrees in clockwise direction. In VTM2, several conventional angular intra prediction modes are adaptively replaced with wide-angle intra prediction modes for non-square blocks. The replaced modes are signaled using the original method and remapped to the indexes of wide angular modes after parsing. The total number of intra prediction modes for a certain block is unchanged, e.g., 67, and the intra mode coding is unchanged.

To support these prediction directions, the top reference with length 2 W+1, and the left reference with length 2H+1, are defined as shown in FIG. 3A-3B.

The mode number of replaced mode in wide-angular direction mode is dependent on the aspect ratio of a block. The replaced intra prediction modes are illustrated in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Intra prediction modes replaced by wide-angular modes Condition Replaced intra prediction modes W/H == 2 Modes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 W/H > 2 Modes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 W/H == 1 None H/W == ½ Modes 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 H/W < ½ Mode 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66

As shown in FIG. 4 , two vertically-adjacent predicted samples may use two non-adjacent reference samples in the case of wide-angle intra prediction. Hence, low-pass reference samples filter and side smoothing are applied to the wide-angle prediction to reduce the negative effect of the increased gap Δp_(α).

2.4. Position Dependent Intra Prediction Combination

In the VTM2, the results of intra prediction of planar mode are further modified by a position dependent intra prediction combination (PDPC) method. PDPC is an intra prediction method which invokes a combination of the un-filtered boundary reference samples and HEVC style intra prediction with filtered boundary reference samples. PDPC is applied to the following intra modes without signaling: planar, DC, horizontal, vertical, bottom-left angular mode and its eight adjacent angular modes, and top-right angular mode and its eight adjacent angular modes.

The prediction sample pred(x,y) is predicted using an intra prediction mode (DC, planar, angular) and a linear combination of reference samples according to the Equation as follows:

pred(x,y)=(wL×R _(−1,y) +wT×R _(x,−1) −wTL×R _(−1,−1)+(64−wL−wT+wTL)×pred(x,y)+32)>>6

where R_(x,−1), R_(−1,y) represent the reference samples located at the top and left of current sample (x, y), respectively, and R_(−1,−1) represents the reference sample located at the top-left corner of the current block.

If PDPC is applied to DC, planar, horizontal, and vertical intra modes, additional boundary filters are not needed, as required in the case of HEVC DC mode boundary filter or horizontal/vertical mode edge filters.

FIG. 5A-5D illustrate the definition of reference samples (R_(x,−1), R_(−1,y) and R_(−1,−1)) for PDPC applied over various prediction modes. The prediction sample pred (x′, y′) is located at (x′, y′) within the prediction block. The coordinate x of the reference sample R_(x,−1) is given by: x=x′+y′+1, and the coordinate y of the reference sample R_(−1,y) is similarly given by: y=x′+y′+1. FIG. 5A shows a diagonal top-right mode. FIG. 5B shows a diagonal bottom-left mode. FIG. 5C shows an adjacent diagonal top-right mode. FIG. 5D shows an adjacent diagonal bottom-left mode.

The PDPC weights are dependent on prediction modes and are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Example of PDPC weights according to prediction modes Prediction modes wT wL wTL Diagonal 16 >> ( ( y' << 1 ) >> 16 >> ( ( x' << 1 ) >> 0 top-right shift) shift) Diagonal 16 >> ( ( y' << 1 ) >> 16 >> ( ( x' << 1 ) >> 0 bottom-left shift ) shift ) Adjacent diagonal 32 >> ( ( y' << 1 ) >> 0 0 top-right shift ) Adjacent diagonal 0 32 >> ( ( x' << 1 ) >> 0 bottom-left shift )

2.5. Intra Subblock Partitioning (ISP)

In some embodiments, ISP is proposed, which divides luma intra-predicted blocks vertically or horizontally into 2 or 4 sub-partitions depending on the block size dimensions, as shown in Table 3. FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 show examples of the two possibilities. All sub-partitions fulfill the condition of having at least 16 samples.

TABLE 3 Number of sub-partitions depending on the block size. Block Size Number of Sub-Partitions 4 × 4 Not divided 4 × 8 and 8 × 4 2 All other cases 4

For each of these sub-partitions, a residual signal is generated by entropy decoding the coefficients sent by the encoder and then invert quantizing and invert transforming them. Then, the sub-partition is intra predicted and finally the corresponding reconstructed samples are obtained by adding the residual signal to the prediction signal. Therefore, the reconstructed values of each sub-partition will be available to generate the prediction of the next one, which will repeat the process and so on. All sub-partitions share the same intra mode.

Based on the intra mode and the split utilized, two different classes of processing orders are used, which are referred to as normal and reversed order. In the normal order, the first sub-partition to be processed is the one containing the top-left sample of the CU and then continuing downwards (horizontal split) or rightwards (vertical split). As a result, reference samples used to generate the sub-partitions prediction signals are only located at the left and above sides of the lines. On the other hand, the reverse processing order either starts with the sub-partition containing the bottom-left sample of the CU and continues upwards or starts with sub-partition containing the top-right sample of the CU and continues leftwards.

2.6. Multiple Transform Set (MTS)

In addition to DCT-II which has been employed in HEVC, a Multiple Transform Selection (MTS) scheme is used for residual coding both inter and intra coded blocks. It uses multiple selected transforms from the DCT8/DST7. The newly introduced transform matrices are DST-VII and DCT-VIII. Table 4 shows the basis functions of the selected DST/DCT.

TABLE 4 transform types and basis functions Transform Type Basis function T_(i)(j), i, j = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1 DCT-II (DCT2) ${T_{i}(j)} = {\omega_{0} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{2}{N}} \cdot {\cos\left( \frac{\pi \cdot i \cdot \left( {{2j} + 1} \right)}{2N} \right)}}$ ${where},{\omega_{0} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} \sqrt{\frac{2}{N}} & {i = 0} \\ 1 & {i \neq 0} \end{matrix} \right.}$ DCT-VIII (DCT8) ${T_{i}(j)} = {\sqrt{\frac{4}{{2N} + 1}} \cdot {\cos\left( \frac{\pi \cdot \left( {{2i} + 1} \right) \cdot \left( {{2j} + 1} \right)}{{4N} + 2} \right)}}$ DST-VII (DST7) ${T_{i}(j)} = {\sqrt{\frac{4}{{2N} + 1}} \cdot {\sin\left( \frac{\pi \cdot \left( {{2i} + 1} \right) \cdot \left( {j + 1} \right)}{{2N} + 1} \right)}}$

There are two ways to enable MTS, one is explicit MTS; and the other is implicit MTS.

2.6.1. Implicit MTS

Implicit MTS is a recent tool in VVC. The variable implicitMtsEnabled is derived as follows:

Whether to enable implicit MTS is dependent on the value of a variable implicitMtsEnabled. The variable implicitMtsEnabled is derived as follows:

-   -   If sps_mts_enabled_flag is equal to 1 and one or more of the         following conditions are true, implicitMtsEnabled is set equal         to 1:         -   IntraSubPartitionsSplitType is not equal to ISP_NO_SPLIT             (that is, ISP is enabled)         -   cu_sbt_flag is equal to 1 (that is, ISP is enabled) and             Max(nTbW, nTbH) is less than or equal to 32         -   sps_explicit_mts_intra_enabled_flag is equal to 0 (that is,             explicitly MTS is disabled) and CuPredMode[0][xTbY][yTbY] is             equal to MODE_INTRA and lfnst_idx[x0][y0] is equal to 0 and             intra_mip_flag[x0][y0] is equal to 0     -   Otherwise, implicitMtsEnabled is set equal to 0.         The variable trTypeHor specifying the horizontal transform         kernel and the variable trTypeVer specifying the vertical         transform kernel are derived as follows:     -   If one or more of the following conditions are true, trTypeHor         and trTypeVer are set equal to 0 (e.g., DCT2).         -   cIdx is greater than 0 (that is, for a chroma component)         -   IntraSubPartitionsSplitType is not equal to ISP_NO_SPLIT and             lfnst_idx is not equal to 0     -   Otherwise, if implicitMtsEnabled is equal to 1, the following         applies:         -   If cu_sbt_flag is equal to 1, trTypeHor and trTypeVer are             specified in Table 40 depending on cu_sbt_horizontal_flag             and cu_sbt_pos_flag.         -   Otherwise (cu_sbt_flag is equal to 0), trTypeHor and             trTypeVer are derived as follows:

trTypeHor=(nTbW>=4 && nTbW<=16)?1:0  (1188)

trTypeVer=(nTbH>=4 && nTbH<=16)?1:0  (1189)

-   -   Otherwise, trTypeHor and trTypeVer are specified in Table 39         depending on mts_idx.         The variables nonZeroW and nonZeroH are derived as follows:     -   If ApplyLfnstFlag is equal to 1 and nTbW is greater than or         equal to 4 and nTbH is greater than or equal to 4, the following         applies:

nonZeroW=(nTbW==4∥nTbH==4)?4:8  (1190)

nonZeroH=(nTbW==4∥nTbH==4)?4:8  (1191)

-   -   Otherwise, the following applies:

nonZeroW=Min(nTbW,(trTypeHor>0)?16:32)  (1192)

nonZeroH=Min(nTbH,(trTypeVer>0)?16:32)  (1193)

2.6.2. Explicit MTS

In order to control MTS scheme, one flag is used to specify whether explicit MTS for intra/inter is present in a bitstream. In addition, two separate enabling flags are specified at SPS level for intra and inter, respectively to indicate whether explicit MTS is enabled. When MTS is enabled at SPS, a CU level transform index may be signaled to indicate whether MTS is applied or not. Here, MTS is applied only for luma. The MTS CU level index (denoted by mts_idx) is signaled when the following conditions are satisfied.

-   -   Both width and height smaller than or equal to 32     -   CBF luma flag is equal to one     -   Non-TS     -   Non-ISP     -   Non-SBT     -   LFNST is disabled     -   Non-zero coefficient is existing which is not in the DC position         (top-left position of a block)     -   There are no non-zero coefficients outside the top-left 16×16         region

If 1^(st) bin of mts_idx is equal to zero, then DCT2 is applied in both directions. However, if 1^(st) bin of the mts_idx is equal to one, then two more bins are additionally signaled to indicate the transform type for the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Transform and signaling mapping table as shown in Table 5. When it comes to transform matrix precision, 8-bit primary transform cores are used. Therefore, all the transform cores used in HEVC are kept as the same, including 4-point DCT-2 and DST-7, 8-point, 16-point and 32-point DCT-2. Also, other transform cores including 64-point DCT-2, 4-point DCT-8, 8-point, 16-point, 32-point DST-7 and DCT-8, use 8-bit primary transform cores.

TABLE 5 signaling of MTS Intra/inter 0^(th)-bin 1^(st)-bin 2^(nd)-bin Horizontal Vertical mts_idx 0 DCT2 0 1 0 0 DST7 DST7 1 0 1 DCT8 DST7 2 1 0 DST7 DCT8 3 1 1 DCT8 DCT8 4

To reduce the complexity of large size DST-7 and DCT-8, High frequency transform coefficients are zeroed out for the DST-7 and DCT-8 blocks with size (width or height, or both width and height) equal to 32. Only the coefficients within the 16×16 lower-frequency region are retained.

As in HEVC, the residual of a block can be coded with transform skip mode. To avoid the redundancy of syntax coding, the transform skip flag is not signaled when the CU level MTS_CU_flag is not equal to zero. The block size limitation for transform skip is the same to that for MTS in JEM4, which indicate that transform skip is applicable for a CU when both block width and height are equal to or less than 32.

2.6.3. Zero-Out in MTS

In VTM8, large block-size transforms, up to 64×64 in size, are enabled, which is primarily useful for higher resolution video, e.g., 1080p and 4K sequences. High frequency transform coefficients of blocks with DCT2 transform applied are zeroed out for the transform blocks with size (width or height, or both width and height) no smaller than 64, so that only the lower-frequency coefficients are retained, all other coefficients are forced to be zeros without being signaled. For example, for an M×N transform block, with M as the block width and N as the block height, when M is no smaller than 64, only the left 32 columns of transform coefficients are kept. Similarly, when N is no smaller than 64, only the top 32 rows of transform coefficients are kept.

High frequency transform coefficients of blocks with DCT8 or DST7 transform applied are zeroed out for the transform blocks with size (width or height, or both width and height) no smaller than 32, so that only the lower-frequency coefficients are retained, all other coefficients are forced to be zeros without being signaled. For example, for an M×N transform block, with M as the block width and N as the block height, when M is no smaller than 32, only the left 16 columns of transform coefficients are kept. Similarly, when N is no smaller than 32, only the top 16 rows of transform coefficients are kept.

2.7. Low Frequency Non-Separable Secondary Transform (LFNST) 2.7.1. Non-Separable Secondary Transform (NSST) in JEM

In JEM, secondary transform is applied between forward primary transform and quantization (at encoder) and between de-quantization and invert primary transform (at decoder side). As shown in FIG. 8 , 4×4 (or 8×8) secondary transform is performed depends on block size. For example, 4×4 secondary transform is applied for small blocks (e.g., min (width, height)<8) and 8×8 secondary transform is applied for larger blocks (e.g., min (width, height)>4) per 8×8 block.

Application of a non-separable transform is described as follows using input as an example. To apply the non-separable transform, the 4×4 input block X

$X = \begin{bmatrix} X_{00} & X_{01} & X_{02} & X_{03} \\ X_{10} & X_{11} & X_{12} & X_{13} \\ X_{20} & X_{21} & X_{22} & X_{23} \\ X_{30} & X_{31} & X_{32} & X_{33} \end{bmatrix}$

is first represented as a vector

:

=[X ₀₀ X ₀₁ X ₀₂ X ₀₃ X ₁₀ X ₁₁ X ₁₂ X ₁₃ X ₂₀ X ₂₁ X ₂₂ X ₂₃ X ₃₀ X ₃₁ X ₃₂ X ₃₃]^(T)

The non-separable transform is calculated as

=T·

, where

indicates the transform coefficient vector, and T is a 16×16 transform matrix. The 16×1 coefficient vector

is subsequently re-organized as 4×4 block using the scanning order for that block (horizontal, vertical or diagonal). The coefficients with smaller index will be placed with the smaller scanning index in the 4×4 coefficient block. There are totally 35 transform sets and 3 non-separable transform matrices (kernels) per transform set are used. The mapping from the intra prediction mode to the transform set is pre-defined. For each transform set, the selected non-separable secondary transform candidate is further specified by the explicitly signaled secondary transform index. The index is signaled in a bit-stream once per Intra CU after transform coefficients.

2.7.2. Reduced Secondary Transform (LFNST)

The LFNST was introduced and 4 transform set (instead of 35 transform sets) mapping has been used in some embodiments. In some implementations, 16×64 (may further be reduced to 16×48) and 16×16 matrices are employed for 8×8 and 4×4 blocks, respectively. For notational convenience, the 16×64 (may further be reduced to 16×48) transform is denoted as LFNST8×8 and the 16×16 one as LFNST4×4. FIG. 9 shows an example of LFNST.

LFNST Computation

The main idea of a Reduced Transform (RT) is to map an N dimensional vector to an R dimensional vector in a different space, where R/N (R<N) is the reduction factor.

The RT matrix is an R×N matrix as follows:

$T_{R \times N} = \begin{bmatrix} t_{11} & t_{12} & t_{13} & \ldots & t_{1N} \\ t_{21} & t_{22} & t_{23} & & t_{2N} \\  & \vdots & & \ddots & \vdots \\ t_{R1} & t_{R2} & t_{R3} & \ldots & t_{RN} \end{bmatrix}$

where the R rows of the transform are R bases of the N dimensional space. The invert transform matrix for RT is the transpose of its forward transform. The forward and invert RT are depicted in FIGS. 10A, 10B.

In this contribution, the LFNST8×8 with a reduction factor of 4 (¼ size) is applied. Hence, instead of 64×64, which is conventional 8×8 non-separable transform matrix size, 16×64 direct matrix is used. In other words, the 64×16 invert LFNST matrix is used at the decoder side to generate core (primary) transform coefficients in 8×8 top-left regions. The forward LFNST8×8 uses 16×64 (or 8×64 for 8×8 block) matrices so that it produces non-zero coefficients only in the top-left 4×4 region within the given 8×8 region. In other words, if LFNST is applied then the 8×8 region except the top-left 4×4 region will have only zero coefficients. For LFNST4×4, 16×16 (or 8×16 for 4×4 block) direct matrix multiplication is applied.

An invert LFNST is conditionally applied when the following two conditions are satisfied:

-   -   a. Block size is greater than or equal to the given threshold         (W>=4 && H>=4)     -   b. Transform skip mode flag is equal to zero

If both width (W) and height (H) of a transform coefficient block is greater than 4, then the LFNST8×8 is applied to the top-left 8×8 region of the transform coefficient block. Otherwise, the LFNST4×4 is applied on the top-left min(8, W)×min(8, H) region of the transform coefficient block.

If LFNST index is equal to 0, LFNST is not applied. Otherwise, LFNST is applied, of which kernel is chosen with the LFNST index. The LFNST selection method and coding of the LFNST index are explained later.

Furthermore, LFNST is applied for intra CU in both intra and inter slices, and for both Luma and Chroma. If a dual tree is enabled, LFNST indices for Luma and Chroma are signaled separately. For inter slice (the dual tree is disabled), a single LFNST index is signaled and used for both Luma and Chroma.

In 13^(th) JVET meeting, Intra Sub-Partitions (ISP), as a new intra prediction mode, was adopted. When ISP mode is selected, LFNST is disabled and LFNST index is not signaled, because performance improvement was marginal even if LFNST is applied to every feasible partition block. Furthermore, disabling LFNST for ISP-predicted residual could reduce encoding complexity.

LFNST Selection

A LFNST matrix is chosen from four transform sets, each of which consists of two transforms. Which transform set is applied is determined from intra prediction mode as the following:

-   -   1) If one of three CCLM modes is indicated, transform set 0 is         selected.     -   2) Otherwise, transform set selection is performed according to         Table 6.

TABLE 6 transform set selection table Tr. set IntraPredMode index IntraPredMode < 0 1 0 <= IntraPredMode <= 1 0 2 <= IntraPredMode <= 12 1 13 <= IntraPredMode <= 23 2 24 <= IntraPredMode <= 44 3 45 <= IntraPredMode <= 55 2 56 <= IntraPredMode 1

The index to access the Table, denoted as IntraPredMode, have a range of [−14, 83], which is a transformed mode index used for wide angle intra prediction.

LFNST Matrices of Reduced Dimension

As a further simplification, 16×48 matrices are applied instead of 16×64 with the same transform set configuration, each of which takes 48 input data from three 4×4 blocks in a top-left 8×8 block excluding right-bottom 4×4 block (FIG. 11 ).

LFNST Signaling

The forward LFNST8×8 with R=16 uses 16×64 matrices so that it produces non-zero coefficients only in the top-left 4×4 region within the given 8×8 region. In other words, if LFNST is applied then the 8×8 region except the top-left 4×4 region generates only zero coefficients. As a result, LFNST index is not coded when any non-zero element is detected within 8×8 block region other than top-left 4×4 (which is depicted in FIG. 12 ) because it implies that LFNST was not applied. In such a case, LFNST index is inferred to be zero.

Zero-Out Range

Usually, before applying the invert LFNST on a 4×4 sub-block, any coefficient in the 4×4 sub-block may be non-zero. However, it is constrained that in some cases, some coefficients in the 4×4 sub-block must be zero before invert LFNST is applied on the sub-block.

Let nonZeroSize be a variable. It is required that any coefficient with the index no smaller than nonZeroSize when it is rearranged into a 1-D array before the invert LFNST must be zero.

When nonZeroSize is equal to 16, there is no zero-out constrain on the coefficients in the top-left 4×4 sub-block.

In some embodiments, when the current block size is 4×4 or 8×8, nonZeroSize is set equal to 8. For other block dimensions, nonZeroSize is set equal to 16.

2.8. Affine Linear Weighted Intra Prediction (ALWIP, a.k.a. Matrix Based Intra Prediction)

Affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP, a.k.a. Matrix based intra prediction (MIP)) is used in some embodiments.

In some embodiments, two tests are conducted. In test 1, ALWIP is designed with a memory restriction of 8K bytes and at most 4 multiplications per sample. Test 2 is similar to test 1, but further simplifies the design in terms of memory requirement and model architecture.

-   -   Single set of matrices and offset vectors for all block shapes.     -   Reduction of number of modes to 19 for all block shapes.     -   Reduction of memory requirement to 5760 10-bit values, that is         7.20 Kilobyte.     -   Linear interpolation of predicted samples is carried out in a         single step per direction replacing iterative interpolation as         in the first test.

2.9. Sub-Block Transform

For an inter-predicted CU with cu_cbf equal to 1, cu_sbt_flag may be signaled to indicate whether the whole residual block or a sub-part of the residual block is decoded. In the former case, inter MTS information is further parsed to determine the transform type of the CU. In the latter case, a part of the residual block is coded with inferred adaptive transform and the other part of the residual block is zeroed out. The SBT is not applied to the combined inter-intra mode.

In sub-block transform, position-dependent transform is applied on luma transform blocks in SBT-V and SBT-H (chroma TB always using DCT-2). The two positions of SBT-H and SBT-V are associated with different core transforms. More specifically, the horizontal and vertical transforms for each SBT position is specified in FIG. 13 . For example, the horizontal and vertical transforms for SBT-V position 0 is DCT-8 and DST-7, respectively. When one side of the residual TU is greater than 32, the corresponding transform is set as DCT-2. Therefore, the sub-block transform jointly specifies the TU tiling, cbf, and horizontal and vertical transforms of a residual block, which may be considered a syntax shortcut for the cases that the major residual of a block is at one side of the block.

2.10. Scan Region based Coefficient Coding (SRCC)

SRCC has been adopted into AVS-3. With SRCC, a bottom-right position (SRx, SRy) as shown in FIGS. 14A-14B is signaled, and only coefficients inside a rectangle with four corners (0, 0), (SRx, 0), (0, SRy), (SRx, SRy) are scanned and signaled. All coefficients out of the rectangle are zero.

2.11. Implicit Selection of Transform (IST)

As disclosed in PCT/CN2019/090261 (incorporated herein by reference), an implicit selection of transform solution is given where the selection of transform matrices (either DCT2 for both horizontal and vertical transform or DST7 for both) is determined by the parity of non-zero coefficients in the transform block.

The proposed method is applied to luma component of intra coded blocks excluding those blocks coded with DT, and the allowed block sizes are from 4×4 to 32×32. The transform type is hidden in the transform coefficients. Specifically, the parity of the number of significant coefficients (e.g., non-zero coefficients) in one block is employed to represent the transform types. Odd number indicates DST-VII is applied, while even number indicates DCT-II is applied.

To remove the 32-point DST-7 introduced by IST, it is proposed to restrict the usage of IST based on the range of residual scanning region when SRCC is used. As shown in FIGS. 15A-15B, IST is disallowed when either x- or y-coordinate of the bottom-right position in the residual scanning region is no smaller than 16. That is, for this case, DCT-II is directly applied.

For another case when run-length coefficient coding is used, each non-zero coefficient needs checking. IST is disallowed when either x- or y-coordinate of one non-zero coefficient position is no smaller than 16.

The corresponding syntax changes are indicated using bold italicized and underlined texts as follows:

Transform blocks definition Descriptor block(i, blockWidth, blockHeight, CuCtp, isChroma, isPcm, component) { ...   if (! isPcm) {     if (CuCtp & (1 << i)) {       if (SrccEnableFlag) {         scan_region_x ae(v)         scan_region_y ae(v)         initScanOrder( ScanOrder, scan_region_x + 1, scan_region_y + 1, blockWidth )         lastScanPos = ( (scan_region_x + 1) * (scan_region_y + 1) ) − 1         lastSet = lastScanPos >> 4         is_last_x = 0         is_last_y = 0         escapeDataPresent = 0         NumNonZeroCoeff = 0         for(i = lastset; i >= 0; i—) {         setPos = i << 4         firstSigScanPos = 16         lastSigScanPos = −1         set_nz[i] = 0         for( n = ( i = = lastSet ? lastScanPos − setPos : 15); n >= 0; n−− ) {           blkpos = ScanOrder[ setPos + n ];           sx = blkpos & (block Width − 1)           sy = blkpos >> log2width           if(( sx = = 0 && sy = = scan_region_y && is_last_y = =0 ) | | (sy = = 0 && sx = =           scan_region_x && is_last_x = = 0 ) ) {             sig_flag[ blkpos ] = 1           }           else {             sig_flag[ blkpos ] ae(v)           }           if( sig_flag[ blkpos ] ) {             if( sx = = scan_region_x ) is_last_x = 1             if( sy = = scan_region_y ) is_last_y =1             if( lastSigScanPos = = −1 ) lastSigScanPos = n             firstSigScanPos = n             NumNonZeroCoeff ++             set_nz[i]++           }         } // for         if (set_nz[i]) {           escapeDataPresent = 0           for( n = ( i = = lastSet ? lastScanPos − setPos : 15); n >= 0; −− ) {             blkpos = ScanOrder[ setPos + n ]             if( sig_flag[ blkpos ] ) {               coeff_abs_level_greater1_flag[ blkpos ] ae(v)               if(coeff_abs_level_greater1_flag[ blkpos ]) {                 coeff_abs_level_greater2_flag[ blkpos ] ae(v)                 if( coeff_abs_level_greater2_flag[ blkpos ] ) {                   escapeDataPresent = 1                 }               }             } // if(sig_flag)           } // for         } // if(set_nz[i])         if( escapeDataPresent ) {           for( n =( i = = lastSet ? lastScanPos − setPos: 15); n >= 0; n−− ) {             blkpos = ScanOrder[ setPos + n ];             if( sig_flag[ blkpos ] ) {               base_level = 3               abs_coef[ blkpos ] = 1 + coeff_abs_level_greater1_flag[ blkpos ] +   coeff_abs_level_greater2_flag[ blkpos ]               if( abs_coef[ blkpos ] = = base_level ) {                 coeff_abs_level_remaining[ blkpos ] ue(v)                 abs_coef[ blkpos ]   +=   coeff_abs_level_remaining [ blkpos ]               }             }           } // for         } // if(escapeDataPresent)         for( n = ( i = = lastSet ? lastScanPos − setPos : 15) ; n >= 0; n−− ) {           blkpos = ScanOrder[ setPos + n ]           if( sig_flag[ blkpos ] ) {             coeff_sign [ blkpos ] ae(v)           }         } // for       }     if (IstEnableFlag && !DtSplitFlag) {       IstTuFlag   =   (scan_region_x   >=16   ||   scan_region_y >=16)? 0:(NumNonZeroCoeff % 2 ?     1 : 0)     }     else {       block Width = isChroma ? block Width / 2 : block Width       blockHeight = isChroma ? blockHeight / 2 : blockHeight       idxW = Log(block Width) − 1       idxH = Log(blockHeight) − 1       NumOf Coeff = block Width * blockHeight       NumNonZeroCoeff = 0       IstTuFlag = 0       ScanPosOffset = 0       CoeffRestrict = 0       do {         coeff_run         coeff_level_minus1         coeff_sign         AbsLevel = coeff_level_minus1 + 1         if (AbsLevel != 0) {           NumNonZeroCoeff ++         }         ScanPosOffset = ScanPosOffset + coeff_run         PosxInBlk = InvScanCoeffInBlk[idxW][idxH][ScanPosOffset][0]         PosyInBlk = InvScanCoeffInBlk[idxW][idxH][ScanPosOffset][1]         if (PosxInBlk >=16 || PosyInBlk >=16) {           CoeffRestrict = 1         }         QuantCoeffMatrix[PosxInBlk][PosyInBlk]  =  coeff_sign  ?  −AbsLevel  : AbsLevel         if (ScanPosOffset >= NumOf Coeff − 1) {           break         }         coeff_last         ScanPosOffset = ScanPosOffset + 1       } while (! Coeff_last)     }     if (IstEnableFlag && ! DtSplitFlag) {       IstTuFlag = NumNonZeroCoeff % 2 ? 1 : 0     }     if (CoeffRestrict) {       IstTuFlag = 0     }   }

2.12. SBT in AVS3

The corresponding syntax changes are highlighted as follows (bold italics):

Coding Unit Definition Descriptor coding_unit(x0, y0, width, height, mode, component) {                       ...    if (! IntraCuFlag && ! SkipFlag) {                       ...      if (! CtpZeroFlag) {                       ...        if (PbtEnableFlag && (width / height < 4) && (height / width < 4) && (width >= 8) && (width <= 32) && (height >= 8) && (height <= 32) && (InterpfFlag == 0)) {          pbt_cu_flag ae(v)        }        if (! PbtCuFlag) {                       ...          if (SbtEnableFlag && (width <= 64) && (height <= 64) && (width > 4 || height > 4) && (InterpfFlag == 0) && ctp_y[0]) {            sbt_cu_flag u(1)            if (SbtEnableFlag && (width <= 64) && (height <= 64) && (width > 4 || height > 4) && (InterpfFlag == 0) && ctp_y[0] ) {              sbt_cu_flag u(1)              if (SbtCuFlag) {                SbtVerHalf = width >= 8                SbtVerQuad = width >= 16                SbtHorHalf = height >= 8                SbtHorQuad = height >= 16                if ( (SbtVerHalf || SbtHorHalf) && (SbtVerQuad || SbtHorQuad) ) {                  sbt_quad_flag ae(v)                }                if ( (SbtQuadFlag && SbtVerQuad && SbtHorQuad) || (!SbtQuadFlag && SbtVerHalf && SbtHorHalf)) {                  sbt_dir_flag ae(v)                }                sbt_pos_flag ae(v)              }            }                       ...          }                       ...        }                       ...      }                       ...    }                       ... }

7.2.6 Coding Unit

Sub-block transformation flag sbt_cu_flag Binary variable. See 8.3 for analysis process. The value of SbtCuFlag is equal to the value of sbt_cu_flag. If sbt_cu_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of SbtCuFlag is 0. Sub-block transformation quarter size flag sbt_quad_flag Binary variable. See 8.3. for the analysis process. The value of SbtQuadFlag is equal to the value of sbt_quad_flag. If sbt_quad_flag does not exist in the bitstream, the value of SbtQuadFlag is 0. Sub-block transformation direction flag sbt_dir_flag Binary variable. For the analysis process, see 8.3. The value of SbtDirFlag is equal to the value of sbt_dir_flag. If sbt_dir_flag does not exist in the bitstream, when SbtQuadFlag is 1, the value of SbtDirFlag is equal to the value of SbtHorQuad; when SbtQuadFlag is 0, the value of SbtDirFlag is equal to the value of SbtHorHalf. Sub-block transformation position flag sbt_pos_flag Binary variable. See 8.3 for the analysis process. The value of SbtPosFlag is equal to the value of sbt_pos_flag. If sbt_pos_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of SbtPosFlag is 0.

3. Examples of Technical Problems Addressed by Disclosed Technical Solutions

The current design of IST and MTS has the following problems:

-   -   1. TS mode in VVC is signaled in block level. However, DCT2 and         DST7 are working well for residual blocks in camera captured         sequences while for videos with screen content, transform skip         (TS) mode is more frequently used compared to DST7. How to         determine the usage of TS mode in a more efficient way needs to         be studied.     -   2. In VVC, the maximum allowed TS block size is set to 32×32.         How to support TS for large blocks needs to be further studied.     -   3. When TS is applied, the scanning order of coefficients may be         not efficient.

4. Example Techniques and Embodiments

The items listed below should be considered as examples to explain general concepts. These items should not be interpreted in a narrow way. Furthermore, these items can be combined in any manner. min(x, y) returns the smaller one of x and y.

Implicit Determination of Transform Skip Mode/Identity Transform

It is proposed to determine whether horizontal and/or vertical identity transform (IT) (e.g., the transform skip mode) is applied to a current first block according to decoded coefficients of one or multiple representative blocks. Such a method is called ‘implicit determination of IT’. When horizontal and vertical transforms are both ITs, transform skip (TS) mode is used for the current first block.

The ‘block’ may be a transform unit (TU)/prediction unit (PU)/coding unit (CU)/transform block (TB)/prediction block (PB)/coding block (CB). The TU/PU/CU may include one or multiple color components, such as only luma component for the dual tree partitioning and current coded color component is luma; and two chroma components for the dual tree partitioning and current coded color component is chroma; or three color components for the single tree case.

-   -   1. The decoded coefficients may be associated with one or         multiple representative blocks in the same color component or         different color components to the current first block.         -   a. In one example, the representative block is the first             block, and the decoded coefficients associated with the             first block are used to determine the usage of IT on the             first block.         -   b. In one example, the determination on the usage of IT to             the first block may depend on the decoded coefficients of             multiple blocks comprising at least one block not identical             to the first block.             -   i. In one example, multiple blocks may comprise the                 first block.             -   ii. In one example, multiple blocks may comprise one                 block or plurality of blocks neighboring to the first                 block.             -   iii. In one example, multiple blocks may comprise one                 block or plurality of blocks with the same block                 dimensions as the first block.             -   iv. In one example, multiple blocks may comprise last N                 decoded block satisfying certain conditions, such as                 with the same prediction mode (e.g., all are intra-coded                 or IBC-coded) or the same dimensions to the current                 block, before the first block in the decoding order. N                 is an integer larger than 1.                 -   1) The same prediction mode may be inter-coded mode.                 -   2) The same prediction mode may be direct-coded                     mode.             -   v. In one example, multiple blocks may comprise one                 block or plurality of blocks not in the same color                 component as the first block.                 -   1) In one example, the first block may be in the                     luma component. Multiple blocks may comprise blocks                     in chroma components (e.g., a second block in the                     Cb/B component, and a third block in the Cr/R                     component).                 -    a) In one example, the three blocks are in the same                     coding unit.                 -    b) Alternatively, furthermore, implicit MTS is                     applied only to the luma blocks, not to chroma                     blocks.                 -   2) In one example, the first block in the first                     color component and the plurality of blocks not in                     the first component color component comprised in the                     multiple blocks may be at the corresponding or                     collocated locations of a picture.     -   2. The decoded coefficients utilized for determination of usage         of IT are called representative coefficients.         -   a. In one example, representative coefficients only include             coefficients unequal to zero (denoted as significant             coefficients)         -   b. In one example, the representative coefficients may be             modified before being used to determine the usage of IT.             -   i. For example, a representative coefficient may be                 clipped before being used to derive the transforms.             -   ii. For example, a representative coefficient may be                 scaled before being used to derive the transforms.             -   iii. For example, a representative coefficient may be                 added by an offset before being used to derive the                 transforms.             -   iv. For example, representative coefficients may be                 filtered before being used to derive the transforms.             -   v. For example, a coefficient or representative                 coefficients may be mapped to other values (e.g., via                 look up tables or dequantized) before being used to                 derive the transforms.         -   c. In one example, representative coefficients are all the             significant coefficients in the representative blocks.         -   d. Alternatively, representative coefficients are partial of             significant coefficients in the representative blocks.             -   i. In one example, representative coefficients are those                 decoded significant coefficients which are odd.                 -   1) Alternatively, representative coefficients are                     those decoded significant coefficients which are                     even.             -   ii. In one example, representative coefficients are                 those decoded significant coefficients which are larger                 than or no smaller than a threshold.                 -   1) Alternatively, representative coefficients are                     those decoded significant coefficients where                     magnitudes of which are larger than or no smaller                     than a threshold.             -   iii. In one example, representative coefficients are                 those decoded significant coefficients which are smaller                 than or no greater than a threshold.                 -   1) Alternatively, representative coefficients are                     those decoded significant coefficients where                     magnitudes of which are smaller than or no greater                     than a threshold.             -   iv. In one example, representative coefficients are the                 first K (K>=1) decoded significant coefficients in the                 decoding order.             -   v. In one example, representative coefficients are the                 last K (K>=1) decoded significant coefficients in the                 decoding order.             -   vi. In one example, representative coefficients may be                 those at a predefined location in a block.                 -   1) In one example, representative coefficients may                     comprise only one coefficient located at (xPos,                     yPos) coordinate relative to the representative                     block. E.g. xPos=yPos=0.                 -   2) In one example, representative coefficients may                     comprise only one coefficient located at (xPos,                     yPos) coordinate relative to the representative                     block. And xPos and/or yPos satisfy the following                     conditions:                 -    a) In one example, xPos is no greater than a                     threshold Tx (e.g., 31) and/or yPos is no greater                     than a threshold Ty (e.g., 31).                 -    b) In one example, xPos is no smaller than a                     threshold Tx (e.g., 32) and/or yPos is no smaller                     than a threshold Ty (e.g., 32).                 -   3) For example, the positions may depend on the                     dimensions of the block.                 -   4) In one example, representative coefficients may                     comprise only coefficients located at (xPos, yPos)                     coordinate(s) relative to the representative block.                     And xPos and/or yPos satisfy the following                     conditions:                 -    a) In one example, xPos is no greater than a                     threshold Tx (e.g., 31) and/or yPos is no greater                     than a threshold Ty (e.g., 31).                 -    b) In one example, xPos is no smaller than a                     threshold Tx (e.g., 32) and/or yPos is no smaller                     than a threshold Ty (e.g., 32).                 -   5) In one example, representative coefficients may                     comprise only coefficients located at (xPos, yPos)                     coordinate(s) relative to the representative block.                     And xPos and/or yPos may be derived according to                     syntax elements which indicate the allowed subblock                     with non-zero coefficients.                 -    a) In one example, the syntax elements are the same                     as those used to indicate the pattern of subblock                     transform (such as SBT, e.g., SbtCuFlag,                     SbtQuadFlag, SbtDirFlag, SbtPosFlag, or Position                     Based Transform (pbt))             -   vii. In one example, representative coefficients may be                 those at a predefined position in the coefficient                 scanning order.         -   e. Alternatively, representative coefficients may also             comprise those zero coefficients.         -   f. Alternatively, representative coefficients may be those             derived from decoded coefficients, such as via clipping to a             range, via quantization.         -   g. In one example, representative coefficients may be             coefficients before the last significant coefficient (may             include the last significant coefficient).     -   3. The determination on the usage of IT to the first block may         depend on the decoded luma coefficients of the first block.         -   a. Alternatively, furthermore, the determined usage of IT is             only applied to the luma component of the first block while             DCT2 is always used for chroma components of the first             block.         -   b. Alternatively, furthermore, the determined usage of IT is             applied to all color components of the first block. That is,             the same transform matrix is applied to all color components             of the first block.     -   4. The determination of usage of IT may depend on a function of         representative coefficients, such as a function with a value V         as the output, using representative coefficients as inputs.         -   a. In one example, V is derived as the number of             representative coefficients.             -   i. Alternatively, V is derived as the sum of                 representative coefficients.                 -   1) Alternatively, V is derived as the sum of levels                     (or their absolute values) of representative                     coefficients.                 -   2) Alternatively, V may be derived as the level (or                     its absolute value) of one representative                     coefficient (such as the last one).                 -   3) Alternatively, V may be derived as the number of                     representative coefficients whose levels are even                     numbers.                 -   4) Alternatively, V may be derived as the number of                     representative coefficients whose levels are odd                     numbers.                 -   5) Alternatively, furthermore, the sum may be                     clipped to derive V.                 -   6)             -   ii. Alternatively, V is derived as the output of a                 function where the function defines residual energy                 distribution.                 -   1) In one example, the function returns the ratio of                     sum of absolute values of partial of representative                     coefficients compared to the absolute values of all                     representative coefficients.                 -   2) In one example, the function returns the ratio of                     sum of square of absolute values of partial of                     representative coefficients compared to the sum of                     square of absolute values of all representative                     coefficients.                 -   3) In one example, the function returns whether the                     energy of the first K representative coefficients                     times a scaling factor is greater than the energy of                     the first M (M>K) or all representative                     coefficients.                 -   4) In one example, the function returns whether the                     energy of the representative coefficients in a first                     sub-region of a representative block times a scaling                     factor is greater than the energy of the                     representative coefficients in a second sub-region                     which contains the first sub-region and larger than                     the first sub-region.                 -    a) Alternatively, the function returns whether the                     energy of the representative coefficients in a first                     sub-region of a representative block times a scaling                     factor is greater than the energy of the                     representative coefficients in a second sub-region                     which is non-overlapped from the first sub-region.                 -    b) In one example, the first sub-region is top-left                     M×N sub-region (i.e., M=N=1, only DC).                 -    i. Alternatively, the first sub-region is the                     second sub-region excluding the top-left M×K                     sub-region (i.e., excluding DC).                 -    c) In one example, the first sub-region is top-left                     4×4 sub-region.                 -   5) In above examples, the energy is defined as sum                     of absolute values or sum of squares of values.             -   iii. Alternatively, V is derived as whether at least one                 representative coefficient is located outside a                 sub-region of a representative block.                 -   1) In one example, the sub-region is defined as the                     top-left sub-region of the representative block,                     e.g., the top-left quarter of the representative                     block.         -   b. In one example, the determination of usage of IT may be             dependent on the parity of V.             -   i. For example, if V is even, IT is used; and if V is                 odd, IT is not used.                 -   1) Alternatively, if V is even, IT is used; and if V                     is odd, IT is not used.             -   ii. In one example, if V is smaller than a threshold T1,                 IT is used; and if V is larger than a threshold T2, IT                 is not used.                 -   1) Alternatively, if V is greater than a threshold                     T1, IT is used; and if V is smaller than a threshold                     T2, IT is not used.             -   iii. For example, the thresholds may depend on the coded                 information, such as block dimensions, prediction mode.             -   iv. For example, the threshold may depend on the QP.         -   c. In one example, the determination of usage of IT may             depend on a combination of V and other coding information             (e.g, prediction mode, slice/picture types, block             dimension).     -   5. The determination of usage of IT may further depend on the         coded information of current block.         -   a. In one example, the determination may further depend on             the mode information (e.g., intra, intra or IBC).             -   i. In one example, the mode may be inter-coded mode.             -   ii. In one example, the mode may be direct-coded mode.             -   iii. In one example, the current block may be coded with                 the SBT mode (e.g., sbt_cu_flag being equal to 1).                 -   1) Alternatively, furthermore, whether to use the                     current transform sets (e.g., DCT2/DST7/DCT8) or use                     the IT may depend on the representative                     coefficients.                 -    a) In one example, if the determination of usage of                     IT is that IT is not used, then DCT2/DST7/DCT8 may                     be used and determination of which transform to be                     used may follow the prior art (e.g., described in                     section 2.12, 2.9).             -   iv. In one example, the determination of usage of IT may                 depend on a syntax element signaled in a higher level                 like in picture header and/or sequence header and/or                 SPS/PPS/VPS/slice header.         -   b. In one example, whether to apply IT may depend on             representative coefficients for an inter-coded block, which             is not direct and not using SBT.         -   c. In one example, IT may be applied for inter-coded blocks             if SBT is used.         -   d. A first message (denoted as ph_ts_inter_enable_flag) is             signaled in picture header. An inter-coded block can apply             IT only if ph_ts_inter_enable_flag is true. Otherwise, a             default transform (such as DCT2) is used.             -   i. A second message (denoted as ts_inter_enable_flag) is                 signaled in sequence header. ph_ts_inter_enable_flag is                 signaled only if ts_inter_enable_flag is true.                 Otherwise, ph_ts_inter_enable_flag is not signaled and                 inferred to be false.         -   e. In one example, the transform determination may depend on             a scan region which is a smallest rectangular covering all             the significant coefficients (e.g., as depicted FIG. 14 ).             -   i. In one example, if the size of the scan region (e.g.                 width multiplied with height) associated with current                 block is larger than a given threshold, a default                 transform (such as DCT-2), including horizontal and                 vertical transform, may be utilized. Otherwise, the                 rules, such as defined in bullet 3 (e.g., IT when V is                 even and DCT-2 when V is odd) may be utilized.             -   ii. In one example, if the width of the scan region                 associated with current block is larger (or lower) than                 a given maximum width (e.g., 16), a default horizontal                 transform (such as DCT-2) may be utilized. Otherwise,                 the rules, such as defined in bullet 3 may be utilized.             -   iii. In one example, if the height of the scan region                 associated with current block is larger (or lower) than                 a given maximum height (e.g., 16), a default vertical                 transform (such as DCT-2) may be utilized. Otherwise,                 the rules, such as defined in bullet 3 may be utilized.             -   iv. In one example, the given size is L×K where L and K                 are integers, such as 16.             -   v. In one example, the default transform matrix may be                 DCT-2 or DST-7.         -   f. In one example, only when the conditions (e.g., mode             information) are satisfied, the determination of usage of IT             may be invoked, otherwise, other transforms (excluding             identity transform) may be used instead.     -   6. One or multiple of the methods disclosed in bullet 1-bullet 5         can only be applied to specific blocks.         -   a. For example, one or multiple of the methods disclosed in             bullet 1-bullet 5 can only be applied to IBC-coded blocks             and/or intra-coded blocks excluding DT.             -   i. In one example, one or multiple of the methods                 disclosed in bullet 1-bullet 5 may be applied to                 inter-coded blocks.             -   ii. In one example, one or multiple of the methods                 disclosed in bullet 1-bullet 5 may be applied to                 direct-coded blocks.         -   b. For example, one or multiple of the methods disclosed in             bullet 1-bullet 5 can only be applied to blocks with             specific constrains on the coefficients.             -   i. A rectangle with four corners (0, 0), (CRx, 0), (0,                 CRy), (CRx, CRy) is defined as the constrained                 rectangle, e.g., in the SRCC method. In one example, one                 or multiple of the methods disclosed in bullet 1-bullet                 5 can be applied only if all coefficients out of the                 constrained rectangle are zero. E. g. CRx=CRy=16.                 -   1) For example, CRx=SRx and CRy=SRy, where (SRx,                     SRy) is defined in SRCC as described in section                     2.14.                 -   2) Alternatively, furthermore, the above method is                     only applied when either block width or block height                     is greater than K.                 -    a) In one example, K is equal to 16.                 -    b) In one example, the above method is only applied                     when the block width is greater than K1 and K1 is                     equal to CRx; or when the block height is greater                     than K2 and K2 is equal to CRy.             -   ii. One or multiple of the methods may be applied only                 when the last non-zero coefficients (in forward scanning                 order) satisfies certain conditions, e.g., when the                 horizontal/vertical coordinator is no greater than a                 threshold (e.g., 16/32).     -   7. When IT is determined to be not used, a default transform         such as DCT-2 or DST-7 may be used instead.         -   a. Alternatively, multiple default transforms such as DCT-2             or DST-7 may be chosen from, when IT is determined to be not             used.     -   8. For determination of transforms from a transform set to be         applied to a block coded with prediction mode A, the         representative coefficients (e.g., bullet 2) in one or multiple         representative blocks (e.g., bullet 1) are used, and the         transform set may be dependent on prediction mode A and/or one         or more syntax elements and/or other coded information (e.g.,         usage of DT, block dimension).         -   a. In one example, the transform set is {DCT2}.         -   b. In one example, the transform set is {IT}.         -   c. In one example, the transform set includes {DCT2, IT}.         -   d. In one example, the transform set includes {DCT2, DST7}.         -   e. In one example, when number of representative             coefficients is even, DCT2 is used. Otherwise (when number             of representative coefficients is odd), DST7 or IT is used             which may be determined by the prediction mode A and/or one             or more syntax elements and/or other coded information.             -   i. In one example, if the prediction mode A is IBC, IT                 is always used when number of representative                 coefficients is odd.             -   ii. In one example, if the prediction mode A is intra                 and DT is applied, DCT2 is always used when number of                 representative coefficients is odd.             -   iii. In one example, if the prediction mode A is intra                 and DT is not applied, and the one or more syntax                 elements indicate the use of implicit determination of                 IT or usage of implicit determination of transform skip                 mode is enabled, IT is always used when number of                 representative coefficients is odd.     -   9. Whether to and/or how to apply the disclosed methods above         may be signaled at a video region level, such as sequence         level/picture level/slice level/tile group level/tile         level/subpicture level.         -   a. In one example, it may be signaled (e.g., a flag) in             sequence header/picture header/SPS/VPS/DCI/DPS/PPS/APS/slice             header/tile group header.             -   i. Alternatively, furthermore, one or multiple syntax                 elements (e.g., one or multiple flags) may be signaled                 to specify whether the method of implicit determination                 of IT or usage of implicit determination of transform                 skip mode is enabled or not.                 -   1) In one example, a first flag may be signaled to                     control the usage of the method of implicit                     determination of IT for IBC coded blocks in the                     video region level.                 -    a) Alternatively, furthermore, the flag may be                     signaled under the condition check of whether IBC is                     enabled.                 -    b) Alternatively, whether the usage of the method                     of implicit determination of IT for IBC coded blocks                     is enabled may be controlled by the same flag which                     is used to control the usage of implicit selection                     of transform (IST) mode for intra coded blocks                     excluding the derived tree (DT) mode.                 -   2) In one example, a second flag may be signaled to                     control the usage of the method of implicit                     determination of IT for intra coded blocks (e.g.,                     may exclude blocks with derived tree (DT) mode) in                     the video region level.                 -   3) In one example, a third flag may be signaled to                     control the usage of the method of implicit                     determination of IT for inter coded blocks in the                     video region level.                 -   4) In one example, a flag may be signaled to control                     the usage of the method of implicit determination of                     IT for intra coded blocks (e.g., may exclude blocks                     with DT mode) and inter coded blocks in the video                     region level.                 -   5) In one example, a flag may be signaled to control                     the usage of the method of implicit determination of                     IT for IBC coded blocks and intra coded blocks                     (e.g., may exclude blocks with DT mode) in the video                     region level.             -   ii. Alternatively, furthermore, when the method of                 implicit determination of IT is enabled for a video                 region (e.g., the flag is true), the following may be                 further applied:                 -   1) In one example, for IBC coded blocks, if IT is                     used for a block, TS mode is applied; otherwise,                     DCT2 is used.                 -   2) In one example, for intra coded blocks (e.g., may                     exclude blocks with DT mode), if IT is used for a                     block, TS mode is applied; otherwise, DCT2 is used.             -   iii. Alternatively, furthermore, when the method of                 implicit determination of IT is disabled for a video                 region (e.g., the flag is false), the following may be                 further applied:                 -   1) In one example, for IBC and/or intra coded                     blocks, DCT-2 is used.                 -   2) In one example, for intra coded blocks (e.g.,                     excluding blocks with DT mode), DCT-2 or DST-7 may                     be determined on-the-fly, such as by IST.                 -   3) In one example, for inter coded blocks, if IT is                     used for a block, TS mode is applied; otherwise, the                     following may apply:                 -    a) In one example, DCT2 is used.                 -    b) In one example, DCT2/DST7/DCT8 is used according                     to the usage of SBT.                 -   4) In one example, for direct coded blocks, if IT is                     used for a block, TS mode is applied; otherwise, the                     following may apply.                 -    a) In one example, DCT2 is used.                 -    b) In one example, DCT2/DST7/DCT8 is used according                     to the usage of SBT.         -   b. Multiple-level control of enabling/applying IT methods             may be signaled in multiple video unit levels (e.g.,             sequence, picture, slice levels).             -   i. In one example, a first video unit level is defined                 as the sequence level.                 -   1) Alternatively, furthermore, a first syntax                     element (e.g., a flag) is signaled in sequence                     header/SPS/to indicate the usage of IT.                 -    a) In one example, the first syntax element equal                     to 0 indicates that the Implicit Selected Transform                     Skip (ISTS) method cannot be used in the sequence.                     Otherwise (the first syntax element equal to 1)                     indicates that the Implicit Selected Transform Skip                     (ISTS) method may be used in the sequence.                 -    b) Alternatively, furthermore, the first syntax                     element may be conditionally signaled, such as                     according to “implicit selection of transform (IST)                     is enabled/ist_enable_flag being equal to 1”.                 -    c) Alternatively, furthermore, when the first                     syntax element is not present, it is inferred to be                     a default value. For example, the IT is inferred to                     be disabled for the first video unit level.             -   ii. In one example, a second video unit level is defined                 as the picture/slice level.                 -   1) Alternatively, furthermore, a second syntax                     element (e.g., a flag) is signaled in picture header                     (e.g., intra picture header and/or inter picture                     header)/slice header to indicate the usage of IT.                 -    a) Alternatively, furthermore, the second syntax                     element may be conditionally signaled, such as                     according to “implicit selection of transform (IST)                     is enabled” or “ist_enable_flag being equal to 1”                     and/or “the IT method is enabled at the first video                     unit level (e.g., sequence)”.                 -    b) Alternatively, furthermore, when the second                     syntax element is not present, it is inferred to be                     a default value. For example, the IT is inferred to                     be disabled for the second video unit level.         -   c. A syntax element to indicate an allowed transform set may             be signaled at a video unit level (e.g., picture) and it may             be conditionally signaled according to whether the implicit             selection of transform (IST) is enabled.             -   i. In one example, the syntax element (e.g., a flag or                 an index) is signaled in picture header (e.g., intra                 picture header and/or inter picture header)/slice                 header.                 -   1) Alternatively, furthermore, N different allowed                     transform sets are supported, and the selection of                     allowed transform set is dependent on the syntax                     element.                 -    a) In one example, N is set to 2.                 -    b) In one example, the selection of transform set                     may depend on block information, such as the coding                     mode of a CU, or whether the CU is code with                     (Derived Tree) DT mode.                 -    i. For example, DCT2 is always used for a CU with                     DT mode.                 -    ii. For example, DCT2 is always used for a chroma                     block.                 -    c) In one example, two sets are {DCT2, DST7} and                     {DCT2, IT}.                 -    i. Alternatively, they are used for intra coded                     blocks.                 -    ii. Alternatively, they are used for non-DT-coded                     intra coded blocks.                 -    d) In one example, two sets are {DCT2} and {DCT2,                     IT}.                 -    i. Alternatively, they are used for intra block                     copy (IBC) coded blocks.                 -    ii. Alternatively, they are used for non-DT-coded                     intra block copy (IBC) coded blocks.                 -    e) In one example, two sets are {DCT2} and {DCT2,                     IT}.                 -    i. Alternatively, furthermore, they are used for                     inter coded blocks.                 -    ii. Alternatively, furthermore, they are used for                     non-DT-coded inter coded blocks.                 -    f) In one example, two sets are {DCT2} and {DCT2,                     IT}.                 -    i. Alternatively, furthermore, they are used for                     direct coded blocks.                 -    ii. Alternatively, furthermore, they are used for                     non-DT-coded direct coded blocks.                 -   2) Alternatively, furthermore, if not present, it is                     inferred to be a default value. For example, the                     allowed transform set is inferred to be only one                     transform type (e.g., DCT2) is allowed.             -   ii. In one example, the syntax element (e.g., a flag or                 an index) is used to control the selection of transforms                 from an allowed transform set for blocks with certain                 coded mode.                 -   1) In one example, it controls the selection of                     transforms from an allowed transform set for intra                     coded blocks/intra coded blocks excluding those with                     DT applied and excluding those with Pulse-Code                     Modulation (PCM) mode.                 -   2) Alternatively, furthermore, for blocks with other                     coded mode, the allowed transform set may be                     independent from the syntax element.                 -    a) In one example, for inter coded blocks, the                     allowed transform set is {DCT2}.                 -    b) In one example, for IBC coded blocks, the                     allowed transform set is {DCT2} or {DCT2, IT}, which                     may depend on e.g., whether IST is enabled or                     whether IBC is enabled for current picture.                 -    c) In one example, for inter coded blocks, the                     allowed transform set is {DCT2, IT}                 -    d) In one example, for direct coded blocks, the                     allowed transform set is {DCT2, IT}                 -    e) In one example, how to select the allowed                     transform set may depend on e.g., whether IST/SBT is                     enabled.         -   d. Whether to and/or how to apply the disclosed methods in             this document may be determined by both considering one or             multiple messages signaled at a video region level, such as             sequence level/picture level/slice level/tile group             level/tile level/subpicture level, and the picture/slice             type and/or CTU/CU/PU/TU mode.             -   i. For example, for a first CU mode (such as IBC or                 inter), TS is applied if a message signaled at a video                 region level, such as picture level, indicates that TS                 is enabled. For a second CU mode (such as intra), TS is                 applied if the message signaled at a video region level                 indicates that TS should be used and an additional                 condition is satisfied (such as the parity of                 coefficients satisfy some requirements as proposed in                 this document).             -   ii. For example, for a first mode (e.g. CU/TU/PU) mode                 (such as DT coded), TS is applied if a message signaled                 at a video region level, such as picture level,                 indicates that TS is enabled. For a second mode (such as                 non-DT coded), TS is applied if the message signaled at                 a video region level indicates that TS should be used                 and an additional condition is satisfied (such as the                 parity of coefficients satisfy some requirements as                 proposed in this document).             -   iii. For example, for a first mode (e.g. CU/TU/TU mode)                 (such as SBT coded), TS is applied if a message signaled                 at a video region level, such as picture level,                 indicates that TS is enabled. For a second mode (such as                 non-SBT coded), TS is applied if the message signaled at                 a video region level indicates that TS should be used                 and an additional condition is satisfied (such as the                 parity of coefficients satisfy some requirements as                 proposed in this document).     -   10. An indication of whether zero-out is applied to a transform         block (including identity transform) is signaled in at a video         region level, such as sequence level/picture level/slice         level/tile group level/tile level/subpicture level.         -   a. In one example, it may be signaled (e.g., a flag) in             sequence header/picture header/SPS/VPS/DCI/DPS/PPS/APS/slice             header/tile group header.         -   b. In one example, when it specifies zero-out is enabled,             then only IT transforms are allowed.         -   c. In one example, when it specifies zero-out is disabled,             then only non-IT transforms are allowed.         -   d. Alternatively, furthermore, the binarization/context             modeling/allowed range of last significant             coefficient/bottom-right position (e.g., maximum X/Y             coordinate relative to the top-left position of the block)             in SRCC may be dependent on the indication.     -   11. A first rule (e.g., in above bullets 1-7) may be used to         determine the usage of IT for a first block, and a second rule         may be used to determine the transform type excluding IT.         -   a. In one example, the first rule may be defined as the             residual energy distribution.         -   b. In one example, the second rule may be defined as the             parity of representative coefficients.

Transform Skip

-   -   12. Zero-out is applied to IT (e.g. TS) coded blocks, where the         non-zero coefficients are restricted to be within certain         sub-regions of a block.         -   a. In one example, the zero-out range for IT (e.g. TS) coded             blocks is set to the top-right K*L sub-region of a block,             where K is set to min(T1, W) and L is set to min(T2, H)             where W and H are the block width/height, respectively and             T1/T2 are two thresholds.             -   i. In one example, T1 and/or T2 may be set to 32 or 16.             -   ii. Alternatively, furthermore, the last non-zero                 coefficient shall be located within the K*L sub-region.             -   iii. Alternatively, furthermore, the bottom-right                 position (SRx, SRy) in the SRCC method shall be located                 within the K*L sub-region.     -   13. Multiple zero-out types of IT (e.g. TS) coded blocks are         defined where each type corresponds to a sub-region of a block         where non-zero coefficients are only existing in the sub-region.         -   a. In one example, non-zero coefficients are only existing             in the top-left K0*L0 sub-region of a block.         -   b. In one example, non-zero coefficients are only existing             in the top-right K1*L1 sub-region of a block.             -   i. Alternatively, furthermore, indication of the                 bottom-left position of the sub-region with non-zero                 coefficients may be signaled.         -   c. In one example, non-zero coefficients are only existing             in the bottom-left K2*L2 sub-region of a block.             -   i. Alternatively, furthermore, indication of the                 top-right position of the sub-region with non-zero                 coefficients may be signaled.         -   d. In one example, non-zero coefficients are only existing             in the bottom-right K3*L3 sub-region of a block.             -   i. Alternatively, furthermore, indication of the                 top-left position of the sub-region with non-zero                 coefficients may be signaled.         -   e. Alternatively, furthermore, an indication of the zero-out             type of IT may be further explicitly signaled or derived             on-the-fly.     -   14. IT (e.g. TS) is not used in a block when there is at least         one significant coefficient outside the zero-out region defined         by IT (e.g. TS), for example, outside of the top-left K0*L0         sub-region of a block.         -   a. Alternatively, furthermore, for this case, a default             transform is used.     -   15. IT (e.g. TS) is used in a block when there is at least one         significant coefficient outside the zero-out region defined by         another transform matrix (e.g. DST7/DCT2/DCT8), for example,         outside of the top-left K0*L0 sub-region of a block.         -   a. Alternatively, furthermore, for this case, TS mode is             inferred to be used. FIG. 16A-16D show multiple zero-out             types of TS coded blocks. FIG. 16A shows top-left K0*L0             sub-region. FIG. 16B shows top-right K1*L1 sub-region. FIG.             16C shows bottom-left K2*L2 sub-region. FIG. 16D shows             bottom-right K3*L3 sub-region.

General

-   -   16. The decision of transform matrix may be done in CU/CB-level         or TU-level.         -   a. In one example, the decision is made in CU level where             all TUs share the same transform matrix.             -   i. Alternatively, furthermore, when one CU is split to                 multiple TUs, coefficients in one TU (e.g., the first or                 the last TU) or partial or all TUs may be utilized to                 determine the transform matrix.         -   b. Whether to use the CU-level solution or TU-level solution             may depend on the block size and/or VPDU size and/or maximum             CTU size and/or coded information of one block.             -   i. In one example, when the block size is larger than                 the VPDU size, CU-level determination method may be                 applied.     -   17. Whether to and/or how to apply the disclosed methods above         may depend on coding information which may include:         -   a. Block dimensions.             -   i. In one example, for blocks with width and/or height                 no greater than a threshold (e.g., 32), the                 above-mentioned methods may be applied.             -   ii. In one example, for blocks with width and/or height                 no smaller than a threshold (e.g., 4), the                 above-mentioned methods may be applied.             -   iii. In one example, for blocks with width and/or height                 smaller than a threshold (e.g., 64), the above-mentioned                 methods may be applied.         -   b. QPs         -   c. Picture or slice type (such as I-frame or P/B-frame,             I-slice or P/B-slice)             -   i. In one example, the proposed method may be enabled on                 I-frames but be disabled on P/B frames.         -   d. Structure partitioning method (single tree or dual tree)             -   i. In one example, for single tree partitioning applied                 slices/pictures/bricks/tiles, the above-mentioned                 methods may be applied.         -   e. Coding mode (such as inter mode/intra mode/IBC mode etc.)             -   i. In one example, for intra-coded blocks, the                 above-mentioned methods may be applied.             -   ii. In one example, for intra-coded blocks excluding                 those with DT applied and excluding those with PCM mode,                 the above-mentioned methods may be applied.             -   iii. In one example, for intra-coded blocks excluding                 those with DT applied and excluding those with PCM mode,                 and IBC coded blocks, the above-mentioned methods may be                 applied.         -   f. Coding methods (such as Intra Sub-block partition,             Derived Tree (DT) method, etc.)             -   i. In one example, for intra-coded blocks with DT                 applied, the above-mentioned methods may be disabled.             -   ii. In one example, for intra-coded blocks with ISP                 applied, the above-mentioned methods may be disabled.             -   iii. Coding methods may comprise Sub-block Transform                 (SBT).             -   iv. Coding methods may comprise Position Based Transform                 (PBT)             -   v. In one example, for IBC-coded or inter-coded blocks                 with SBT applied, the above-mentioned methods may be                 applied.         -   g. Color components             -   i. In one example, for luma blocks, the above-mentioned                 methods may be applied while for chroma blocks, it is                 not applied.         -   h. Intra-prediction mode (such as DC, vertical, horizontal,             etc.)         -   i. Motion information (such as MV and reference index).         -   j. Standard Profiles/Levels/Tiers

Coefficients Reordering

At the decoder side, coefficients reordering is defined as how to reorder or map the parsed coefficients to coefficients before de-quantization, or before inverse-transform, or before reconstruction. The coefficients may be used to reconstruct samples with or without inverse-transform.

-   -   18. Coefficients reordering may be done at CU level or TU level         or PU level.     -   19. Whether to/how to apply coefficients reordering may depend         on coded information.         -   a. In one example, the coded information may include the TU             location for TU level partial sub-blocks.         -   b. In one example, coded information may include the             transform type.             -   i. In one example, the transform type may be derived                 based on coefficients as proposed in bullets 1-17.             -   ii. The transform type may comprise DCT-II, DST-VII,                 DCT-VIII and TS (a.k.a. IT).             -   iii. In one example, how to do coefficients reordering                 may depend on whether TS (a.k.a. IT) is used.                 -   1) In one example, the parsed coefficients are                     rearranged in a reversed order before being                     dequantized.                 -   2) In one example, the parsed coefficients are                     rearranged in a reversed order before being used in                     reconstruction.                 -   3) In one example, parsed coefficients C(i, j) with                     i=0, 1, . . . , M−1, j=0, 1, . . . , N−1 are                     rearranged to be C′(i, j) in a reversed order as                     C′(i, j)=C(M−1−i, N−1−j).                 -   4) In one example, parsed coefficients C(i, j) with                     i=0, 1, . . . , M−1, j=0, 1, . . . , N−1 are                     rearranged to be C′(i, j) in different manners                     depending on (i, j).                 -    a) In one example, parsed coefficients C(i, j) with                     i=0, 1, . . . , M−1, j=0, 1, . . . , N−1 are                     rearranged or not rearranged depending on (i, j)                 -    b) In one example, parsed coefficients C(i, j) with                     i=0, 1, . . . , M−1, j=0, 1, . . . , N−1 are                     rearranged in a reversed order for some specific (i,                     j)s but not rearranged for some other (i, j)s.                 -    i. For example, parsed coefficients C(i, j) with                     i=0, 1, . . . , M−1, j=0, 1, . . . , N−1 are                     rearranged in a reversed order to be C′(i,                     j)=C(M−1−i, N−1−j) when (i, j) satisfies                     (i<M/2−S1∥i>M/2+52) && (j<N/2−S3∥j>N/2+54). S1, S2,                     S3, S4 are integers such as S1=S3=1, S2=S4=0.                 -    ii. E.g., for (i, j) not satisfying the conditions,                     C′(i, j)=C(i, j).                 -    iii. For example as shown in FIG. 24 (coefficients                     reordering method A), parsed coefficients C(i, j)                     with i=0, 1, . . . , M−1, j=0, 1, . . . , N−1 are                     rearranged in a reversed order to be as C′(i,                     j)=C(M−1−i, N−1−j) for all valid (i, j)s except (i,                     j)s equal to (M/2−1, N/2) or (M/2, N/2−1). For these                     two positions, C′ (M/2−1, N/2)=C(M/2−1, N/2), C′                     (M/2, N/2−1)=C(M/2, N/2−1).                 -    iv. In one example as shown in FIG. 25                     (Coefficients reordering method B), parsed                     coefficients C(i, j) with i=0, 1, . . . , M−1, j=0,                     1, . . . , N−1 are rearranged to be C′(i, j) in a                     reversed order as C′(i, j)=C(M−1−i, N−1−j) all valid                     (i, j)s except (i, j)s equal to (M−1, 0) and (0,                     N−1). For these two positions, C′(M−1, 0)=C(M−1, 0),                     C′(0, N−1)=C(0, N−1).     -   20. Whether to determine the coefficients reordering according         to the transform type may depend on the slice/picture/tile type.         -   a. In one example, the coefficients reordering is determined             according to the transform type for specific             slice/picture/tile type(s), such as I-slice or I-picture.         -   b. In one example, the coefficients reordering is NOT             determined according to the transform type for specific             slice/picture/tile type(s), such as P-slice and/or B-slice             or P-picture and/or B-picture,     -   21. Whether to determine the coefficients reordering according         to the transform type may depend on the CTU/CU/block type.         -   a. In one example, the coefficients reordering is determined             according to the transform type for specific CTU/CU/block             type(s), such as intra-coded blocks.         -   b. In one example, the coefficients reordering is NOT             determined according to the transform type for specific             CTU/CU/block type(s), CTU/CU/block type(s), such as             inter-coded blocks or IBC-coded blocks.         -   c. In one example, the coefficients reordering is NOT             determined according to the transform type for DT-coded             blocks.     -   22. Whether to determine the coefficients reordering according         to the transform type may depend on a message which may be         signaled in VPS/SPS/PPS/sequence header/picture header/slice         header/CTU/CU/block.         -   a. The message may be a flag.         -   b. The message may be conditionally signaled.             -   i. For example, the message can only be signaled if the                 CU level block is not a zero-residue block.             -   ii. For example, the message can only be signaled if the                 TU level block or partial sub-block is not a                 zero-residue block.             -   iii. If the message is not signaled, it is inferred to                 be a default value such as 0 or 1.             -   iv. For example, the message can only be signaled if TS                 is enabled.         -   c. For example, a first message (denoted as             ph_rts_enable_flag) is signaled in picture header. A             TS-coded block can reorder the coefficients only if             ph_rts_enable_flag is true.             -   i. A second message (denoted as rts_enable_flag) is                 signaled in sequence header. ph_rts_enable_flag is                 signaled only if rts_enable_flag is true. Otherwise,                 ph_rts_enable_flag is not signaled and inferred to be                 false.     -   23. How to do coefficients reordering may depend on a message         which may be signaled in VPS/SPS/PPS/sequence header/picture         header/slice header/CTU/CU/block.         -   a. The message may be a flag.         -   b. The message may be conditionally signaled.             -   i. If the message is not signaled, it is inferred to be                 a default value such as 0 or 1.             -   ii. For example, the message can only be signaled if TS                 is enabled.             -   iii. For example, the message can only be signaled for                 specific CTU/CU/block type(s), CTU/CU/block type(s),                 such as inter-coded blocks or IBC-coded blocks.

Partial Residual Blocks

-   -   24. The message indicating whether to apply position based         transform (denoted as pbt_cu_flag) may not be signaled if the         current block is IBC-coded.     -   25. It is proposed that a block with a specific mode may be         partitioned into at least two parts, and at least one part of         the parts have no non-zero residues (in other words, residues         are set to zero without being signalled). Such a block is called         a partial residual block (PRB).         -   a. In one example, the specific mode is IBC.             -   i. In one example, IT or DCT2 may be applied to the PRB.             -   ii. In one example, IT is applied to the PRB.         -   b. In one example, the message indicating whether SBT is             used (denoted as sbt_cu_flag) may be signaled if the current             block is IBC coded.             -   i. If sbt_cu_flag is true for a IBC coded block, the                 block is coded with PRB. And the partitioning method is                 same as that defined by the messages describing the SBT                 partitioning (such as sbt_quad_flag, sbt_dir_flag,                 sbt_pos_flag).         -   c. In one example, the specific mode is inter and only IT             (or one of the IT/DCT2) is applied to the block.         -   d. In one example, a M×N block is partitioned in two parts:             -   i. The two parts may be a (M/k)×N block A and a                 (M−M/k))×N block B, wherein k is an integer larger than                 1, such as 2, 4, 8, 16.             -   ii. The two parts may be a M×(N/k) block A and a                 M×(N−N/k) block B, wherein k is an integer larger than                 1, such as 2, 4, 8, 16.             -   iii. The two parts may be a (M/k)×(N/k) block A and the                 other part is a ‘L’ shaped region B, wherein k is an                 integer larger than 1, such as 2, 4, 8, 16. The block A                 can be located in the top-left corner, the top-right                 corner, the bottom-left corner and the bottom-right                 corner of the M×N block as shown in FIG. 23 .             -   iv. In one example, block A may have no residue and                 block B may have non-zero residues.             -   v. In one example, block B may have no residue and block                 A may have non-zero residues.             -   vi. In one example, the message (such as cbf) to                 indicate whether a block has non-zero residues or not                 may not be signaled and inferred to be one for the part                 to be determined with non-zero residues in a PRB.         -   e. In one example, the part which have non-zero coefficients             (or which have all zero coefficients) may be signaled in the             bitstream.             -   i. In one example, indication of the part may be                 signaled, such as that used for SBT.             -   ii. In one example, allowed set of partitions (e.g.,                 described in the above bullet) may be pre-defined                 according to the decoded information (e.g., modes)                 and/or indicated in the bitstream.         -   f. In one example, transform-skip can be applied to the PRBs             with dimension (width and/or height) constraints.             -   i. In one example, transform-skip can be applied only if                 (W<=T1) && (H<=T1) && (W>T2 II H>T2), wherein W and H                 are width and height of the coding block. T1 and T2 are                 integers, e.g. T1=64, T2=4.             -   ii. In one example, transform-skip can be applied only                 if (W<=T1) && (H<=T2), wherein T1 and T2 are integers                 such as 32 or 64, W and H are width and height of the                 non-zero part of a PRB, or of the coding block.             -   iii. In one example, transform-skip can be applied only                 if (W>T1)∥(H>T2), wherein T1 and T2 are integers such as                 4 or 8, W and H are width and height of the non-zero                 part of a PRB, or of the coding block.         -   g. In one example, transform or transform-skip can be             applied to the part with non-zero residues in a PRB.             -   i. All the bullets and embodiments in this document can                 be applied to the part to determine whether and/or how                 to use the transform.         -   h. In one example, whether a block is a PRB depends on a             message which may be signaled in VPS/SPS/PPS/sequence             header/picture header/slice header/CTU/CU/block.             -   i. The message may be a flag.             -   ii. The message may be conditionally signaled.                 -   5) If the message is not signaled, it is inferred to                     be a default value such as 0 or 1.             -   iii. For example, the message can only be signaled for                 specific CTU/CU/block type(s), CTU/CU/block type(s),                 such as IBC-coded blocks.             -   iv. If a block is a PRB, a message is signaled to                 indicate how to partition the PRB.         -   i. In one example, multiple level signalling may be used to             determine whether PRB is used.             -   i. In one example, for a first level, e.g., in                 sequence/picture level, an indication of whether PRB is                 enabled may be signaled.                 -   6) Alternatively, furthermore, the indication may be                     conditionally signalled, e.g., according to whether                     IBC/screen content is used.             -   ii. In one example, for a second level, e.g., in block                 level, an indication of whether PRB is applied may be                 signaled.                 -   7) Alternatively, furthermore, furthermore, the                     indication may be conditionally signalled, e.g.,                     according to the indication in the first level                     and/or other decoded information (e.g., block                     dimension/mode).         -   j. Whether PRB mode is allowed or not may depend on signaled             information or may be determined on the fly according to             decoded information (e.g., color component).         -   k. For example, a first message (denoted as             ph_pts_enable_flag) is signaled in picture header. An             IBC-coded block can apply PRB only if ph_pts_enable_flag is             true.             -   i. A second message (denoted as pts_enable_flag) is                 signaled in sequence header. ph_pts_enable_flag is                 signaled only if pts_enable_flag is true. Otherwise,                 ph_pts_enable_flag is not signaled and inferred to be                 false.

5. Example Embodiments

Below are some example embodiments for some of the invention aspects summarized above in Section 4, which can be applied to the VVC specification. Most relevant parts that have been added or modified are underlined in boldface italics , and some of the deleted parts are indicated using [[ ]].

5.1. Embodiment #1

This section presents an example of a solution for Implicit Selection of Transform Skip mode (ISTS). Basically, it follows the design principle of the Implicit Selection of Transform (IST) which has been adopted by AVS3. One high level flag is signaled in picture header to indicate ISTS is enabled. If it is enabled, the allowed transform set is set to {DCT-II TS}, and the determination of TS mode is based on the parity of number of non-zero coefficients in a block. Compared with HPM6.0, simulation results reportedly show that the proposed ISTS achieves 15.86% and 12.79% bitrate reduction for screen content coding under the AI and RA configurations, respectively. It is asserted that encoder and decoder complexity increasement is negligible.

5.1.1. Introduction

In current design of AVS3, only DCT-II is allowed for coding residual blocks for IBC modes. While for intra coded blocks excluding DT, IST is applied which allows a block to select either DCT-II or DST-VII according to the parity of number of non-zero coefficients. However, for screen content coding, DST-VII is much less efficient. Transform skip (TS) mode is an efficient coding method for screen content coding. How to allow the codec to support TS without being explicitly signaled for a block needs to be studied.

5.1.2. Proposed Method

In some embodiments, an Implicit Selection of Transform Skip mode (ISTS) can be used. A high-level flag is signaled in picture header to indicate whether ISTS is enabled.

When ISTS is enabled, the allowed transform set is set to {DCT-II TS}, and the determination of TS mode is based on the parity of number of non-zero coefficients in a block, which is following the same design principle of IST. An odd number indicates TS is applied, while an even number indicates DCT-II is applied. ISTS is applied to CUs with sizes from 4×4 to 32×32 for either intra-coded or IBC-coded CUs, excluding those with DT applied or with PCM.

When ISTS is disabled and IST is enabled, the allowed transform set is set to {DCT-II DST-VII} which is the same as current AVS3 design.

5.1.3. Proposed Changes to Syntax Tables, Semantics and Decoding Process 7.1.2.2 Sequence Header

TABLE 14 Sequence Header Definition Sequence Header Definition Descriptor sequence_header( ) { ... ...     ist_enable_flag u(1)     ists_enable_flag u(1)     srcc_enable_flag u(1) ... }

7.1.3.1 Picture Header of I Pictures

TABLE 27 Intra prediction header definition Intra prediction header definition Descriptor intra_picture_header( ) { ... ...   if (IbcEnableFlag) {     ibc_pic_flag u(1)   }   if (IstsEnableFlag) {     ph_ists_enable_flag u(1)   }   next_start_code( )   ... }

7.1.3.2 Inter Prediction Header Definition

TABLE 28 Inter prediction header definition Inter prediction header definition Descriptor inter_picture_header( ) {                ... ...   if (IbcEnableFlag) {     ibc_pic_flag u(1)   }   if (IstsEnableFlag) {     ph_ists_enable_flag u(1)   }   next_start_code( )   ... } block(i, blockWidth, blockHeight, CuCtp, isChroma, isPcm, component) { ...         if (( IstEnableFlag || PhIstsEnableFlag ) && ! DtSplitFlag) {           IstTuFlag = (!PhIstsEnableFlag && (scan_region_x >=16 || scan_region_y >=16)) ? 0 : NumNonZeroCoeff % 2 ? 1 : 0         } ...

7.2.2.2 Sequence Header Transformation Skip Enable Flag Ists_Enable_Flag

Binary variable. A value of ‘1’ indicates that the implicitly selective transform skip method can be used; a value of ‘0’ indicates that the implicitly selective transform skip method should not be used. The value of IstsEnableFlag is equal to ists_enable_flag. If ists_enable_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of IstsEnableFlag is 0.

7.2.3.1 Intra Prediction Header

Intra Prediction Mode Conversion Skip Enable Flag pH_Ists_Enable_Flag Binary variable. A value of ‘1’ indicates that the luma intra prediction block and the luma block copy intra prediction block in the current frame use the transform skip method; a value of ‘0’ indicates the luma intra prediction transform block and the luma block copy in the current frame The prediction block cannot use the transform skip method. The value of PhIstsEnableFlag is equal to the value of ph_ists_enable_flag. If ph_ists_enable_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of PhIstsEnableFlag is 0.

9.6.3 Inverse Transform

This article defines the process of converting the M1×M2 transformation coefficient matrix CoeffMatrix into the residual sample matrix ResidueMatrix.

If the intra prediction mode is neither ‘Intra_Luma_PCM’ nor ‘Intra_Chroma_PCM’ or the current block uses the block copy intra prediction mode, then :

If PhIstsEnableFlag is 0, the current transform block is a luma intra prediction residual block, the values of M1 and M2 are both less than 64 and the value of IstTuFlag is equal to 1, then the residual sample matrix ResidueMatrix is derived according to the method defined by 0;

Otherwise, if PhIstsEnableFlag is 1, the current transform block is a luma intra prediction residual block or a block copy intra prediction block, the values of M1 and M2 are both less than 64 and the value of IstTuFlag is equal to 1, then the residual is derived according to the method defined by 0 Sample matrix ResidueMatrix ;

Otherwise, the residual sample matrix ResidueMatrix is derived according to the method defined in 9.6.3.1.

Otherwise (the intra prediction mode is ‘Intra_Luma_PCM’ or ‘IntraChromaPCM’), the residual sample matrix ResidueMatrix is derived according to the method defined in 9.6.3.3.

9.6.3.4 Implicit Inverse Transform Skip Method

-   -   If the current transform block is a luma intra prediction         residual block or a luma intra prediction residual block, and         PhIstsEnableFlag is 1, the values of M1 and M2 are both less         than 64 and the value of IstTuFlag is equal to 1, then :     -   1) Calculate the shift shift, shift is equal to         15−BitDepth−((log M1+log M2)>>1)     -   2) If shift is greater than or equal to 0, the carry factor         rnd_factor is equal to 1<<(shift−1). Get the matrix W from the         transformation coefficient matrix :

wij=(CoeffMatrixij+rnd_factor)>>shift

-   -   3) If shift is less than 0, let shift=−shift. Get the matrix W         from the transformation matrix :

wij=(CoeffMatrixij+rnd_factor)<<shift

-   The matrix W is directly used as the residual sample matrix     ResidueMatrix to end the implicit selective inverse transformation     operation.

5.2. Embodiment #2 5.2.1. Proposed Changes to Syntax Tables, Semantics and Decoding Process 7.1.2.2 Sequence Header Definition

TABLE 14 Sequence Header Definition Sequence Header Definition Descriptor                ...          ...    ist_enable_flag u(1)    ists_enable_flag u(1)    ts_inter_enable_flag u(1)

7.1.3.2 Inter Prediction Header Definition

Inter prediction header definition Descriptor                  ... ...   if (IstsEnableFlag) {     ph_ists_enable_flag u(1)   }   if (TsInterEnableFlag) {     ph_ts_inter_enable_flag u(1)   }   next_start_code( )

7.1.6 Coding Unit Definition

Coding Unit Definition Descriptor coding_unit(x0, y0, width, height, mode, component) {                    ...     isIstApply = ((((!IntraCuFlag && !DirectFlag && !SkipFlag && !SbtCuFlag && PhTsInterEnableFlag)  ||  (IntraCuFlag && !IscCuFlag)) && PhIstsEnableFlag)  || (IntraCuFlag && !IscCuFlag && !IbcCuFlag && IstEnableFlag) && !DtSplitFlag && width<64 && height<64 && !isChroma       block(i,  blockWidth,  blockHeight,  CuCtp,  IsChroma,  IsPcmMode[i], [[IntraCuFlag]],isIstApply, component)

7.1.7 Transform Block Definition

Transform Block Definition Descriptor block(i, blockWidth, blockHeight, CuCtp, isChroma, isPcm, [[isIntra]] isIstApply, component) {                     ...   if (! isPcm) {     if (CuCtp & (1 << i)) {       if (SrccEnableFlag) {                     ...         if ([[isIntra && (IstEnableFlag || PhIstsEnableFlag) && ! DtSplitFlag]] isIstApply) {           IstTuFlag  =  (!PhIstsEnableFlag && (scan_region_x  >=16   || scan_region_y >=16)) ? 0 : NumNonZeroCoeff % 2 ? 1 : 0         }       }       else {                     ...         if ([[isIntra && IstEnableFlag && ! DtSplitFlag]] isIstApply) {           IstTuFlag = NumNonZeroCoeff % 2 ? 1 : 0         }                     ...       }                     ...     }                     ...   }

7.2.2.2 Sequence Header

Inter-Frame Transform Skip Enable Flag Ts_Inter_Enable_Flag

Binary variable. A value of ‘1’ means that the local transform skip method can be used; a value of ‘0’ means that the local transform skip method should not be used. The value of TsInterEnableFlag is equal to ts_inter_enable_flag. If ts_inter_enable_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of TsInterEnableFlag is 0.

7.2.3.2 Inter Prediction Image Header

Inter-Frame Prediction Mode Transform Skip Enable Flag pH_Ts_Inter_Enable_Flag Binary variable. A value of ‘1’ means that the luminance inter prediction residual block and the luminance direct mode residual block of the current frame use the transform skip method; a value of ‘0’ means the luminance inter prediction residual block and the luminance direct mode residual block of the current frame The difference block cannot use the transform skip method. The value of PhTsInterEnableFlag is equal to the value of ph_ts_inter_enable_flag. If ph_ts_inter_enable_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of PhTsInterEnableFlag is 0.

9.6.3 Inverse Transformation

If the intra prediction mode is neither ‘Intra_Luma_PCM’ nor ‘Intra_Chroma_PCM’ or the current block uses the block copy intra prediction mode, then:

-   -   If PhIstsEnableFlag is 0 and the current transform block is a         luma intra prediction residual block, the values of M1 and M2         are both less than 64 and the value of IstTuFlag is equal to 1,         then the residual sample matrix ResidueMatrix is derived         according to the method defined in 9.6.3.2;     -   Otherwise, if PhIstsEnableFlag is 1, and the current transform         block is a luma intra prediction residual block or a luma block         copy intra prediction residual block or luma inter prediction         residual block, or the value of the current transform block         SbtCuFlag is greater than 0 PhTsInterEnableFlag is 1, the values         of M1 and M2 are both less than 64 and the value of IstTuFlag is         equal to 1, then the residual sample matrix ResidueMatrix is         derived according to the method defined in 9.6.3.4;     -   Otherwise, the residual sample matrix ResidueMatrix is derived         according to the method defined in 9.6.3.1.

Otherwise (the intra prediction mode is ‘Intra_Luma_PCM’ or ‘IntraChromaPCM’), the residual sample matrix ResidueMatrix is derived according to the method defined in 9.6.3.3.

5.3. Embodiment #3 7.1.2.2 Sequence Header Definition

Sequence Header Definition Descriptor                  ... ...    ist_enable_flag u(1)    ists_enable_flag u(1)    ts inter_enable_flag u(1)    pts_enable_flag u(1)    srcc_enable_flag u(1)

7.1.3.2 Inter Prediction Header Definition

Inter prediction header definition Descriptor                  ...   if (IstsEnableFlag) {     ph_ists_enable_flag u(1)   }   if (TsInterEnableFlag) {     ph_ts_inter_enable_flag u(1)   }   if (PtsEnableFlag) {     ph_pts_enable_flag u(1)   }   next_start_code( )

7.1.6 Coding Unit Definition

Coding Unit Definition Descriptor coding_unit(x0, y0, width, height, mode, component) {                    ...    if ((! IntraCuFlag || (IbcCuFlag && PtsEnableFlag)) && ! SkipFlag) {                    ...     if (! CtpZeroFlag) {                    ...       if (PbtEnableFlag && !IbcCuFlag && (width / height < 4) && (height / width < 4) && (width >= 8) && (width <= 32) && (height >= 8) && (height <= 32) && (InterpfFlag == 0)) {         pbt_cu_flag ae(v)       }       if (! PbtCuFlag) {                    ...         if ((SbtEnableFlag || (IbcCuFlag && PtsEnableFlag)) && (width <= 64) && (height <= 64) && (width > 4 || height > 4) && (InterpfFlag == 0) && ctp_y[0] ) {         sbt_cu_flag u(1)         ...                    ...        isIstApply  =  ((!IntraCuFlag  &&  !DirectFlag  &&  !SkipFlag &&  !SbtCuFlag  &&  PhTsInterEnableFlag)  ||  (IntraCuFlag  &&  !IscCuFlag)  && PhIstsEnableFlag)  ||  (IntraCuFlag  &&  !IscCuFlag  &&  !IbcCuFlag  &&  IstEnableFlag)) && !DtSplitFlag && width<64 && height<64 && !isChroma       block(i,  blockWidth,  blockHeight,  CuCtp,  IsChroma,  IsPcmMode[i], [[IntraCuFlag]],isIstApply, component)

7.1.7 Transform Block Definition

Transform Block Definition Descriptor block(i, blockWidth, blockHeight, CuCtp, isChroma, isPcm, [[isIntra]] isIstApply, component) {                    ...   if (! isPcm) {     if (CuCtp & (1 << i)) {       if (SrccEnableFlag) {                    ...         if ([[isIntra && (IstEnableFlag || PhIstsEnableFlag) && ! DtSplitFlag]] isIstApply) {           IstTuFlag = (!PhIstsEnableFlag && (scan_region_x >=16 = || scan_region_y >=16)) ? 0 : NumNonZeroCoeff % 2 ? 1 : 0         }       }       else {                    ...         if ([[isIntra && IstEnableFlag && ! DtSplitFlag]] isIstApply) {           IstTuFlag = NumNonZeroCoeff % 2 ? 1 : 0         }                    ...       }                    ...     }                    ...   }

7.2.2.2 Sequence Header

Transform Skip Enable Flag Ts_Inter_Enable_Flag

Binary variable. A value of ‘1’ means that the local transform skip method can be used; a value of ‘0’ means that the local transform skip method should not be used. The value of TsInterEnableFlag is equal to ts_inter_enable_flag. If ts_inter_enable_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of TsInterEnableFlag is 0.

Patrial Transform Skip Enabled Flag Pts_Enable_Flag

Binary variable. A value of ‘1’ means that the local transform skip method can be used; a value of ‘0’ means that the local transform skip method should not be used. The value of PtsEnableFlag is equal to pts_enable_flag. If pts_enable_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of PtsEnableFlag is 0.

7.2.3.2 Inter Prediction Picture Header

Transform Skip Enable Flag pH_Ts_Inter_Enable_Flag Binary variable. A value of ‘1’ means that the luminance inter prediction residual block and the luminance direct mode residual block of the current frame use the transform skip method; a value of ‘0’ means the luminance inter prediction residual block and the luminance direct mode residual block of the current frame The difference block cannot use the transform skip method. The value of PhTsInterEnableFlag is equal to the value of ph_ts_inter_enable_flag. If ph_ts_inter_enable_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of PhTsInterEnableFlag is 0. Partial Transform Skip Enabled Flag pH_Pts_Enable_Flag

Binary variable. A value of ‘1’ indicates that the luminance block of the current frame replicates the intra prediction residual block using the transform skip method; the value of ‘0’ indicates that the brightness block of the current frame replicates the intra prediction residual block using the transform skip method. The value of PhPtsEnableFlag is equal to the value of ph_pts_enable_flag. If ph_pts_enable_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of PhPtsEnableFlag is 0.

9.6.3 Inverse Transformation

If the intra prediction mode is neither ‘Intra_Luma_PCM’ nor ‘Intra_Chroma_PCM’ or the current block uses the block copy intra prediction mode, then:

-   -   If PhIstsEnableFlag is 0 and the current transform block is a         luma intra prediction residual block, the values of M1 and M2         are both less than 64 and the value of IstTuFlag is equal to 1,         then the residual sample matrix ResidueMatrix is derived         according to the method defined in 9.6.3.2;     -   Otherwise, if PhIstsEnableFlag is 1, and the current transform         block is a luma intra prediction residual block or a luma block         copy intra prediction residual block or luma inter prediction         residual block, or the value of the current transform block         SbtCuFlag is greater than 0 and PhTsInterEnableFlag is 1 or         IbcCuFlag and PhPtsEnableFlag are both 1, the values of M1 and         M2 are both less than 64 and the value of IstTuFlag is equal to         1, then the residual sample matrix ResidueMatrix is derived         according to the method defined in 9.6.3.4;     -   Otherwise, the residual sample matrix ResidueMatrix is derived         according to the method defined in 9.6.3.1.

Otherwise (the intra prediction mode is ‘Intra_Luma_PCM’ or ‘IntraChromaPCM’), the residual sample matrix ResidueMatrix is derived according to the method defined in 9.6.3.3.

5.4. Embodiment #4 7.1.2.2 Sequence Header Definition

              Sequence Header Definition Descriptor                    ... ...     ist_enable_flag u(1)     ists_enable_flag u(1)     ts_inter_enable_flag u(1)     pts_enable_flag u(1)     rts_enable_flag u(1)     srcc_enable_flag u(1)

7.1.3.2 Inter Prediction Header Definition

Inter prediction header definition Descriptor                 ... ...   if (IstsEnableFlag) {     ph_ists_enable_flag u(1)   }   if (TsInterEnableFlag) {     ph_ts_inter_enable_flag u(1)   }   if (PtsEnableFlag) {     ph_pts_enable_flag u(1)   }   if RtsEnableFlag) {     ph_rts_enable_flag u(1)   }   next_start_code( )

7.1.6 Coding Unit Definition

Coding Unit Definition Descriptor coding_unit(x0, y0, width, height, mode, component) {                    ...    if ((! IntraCuFlag || (IbcCuFlag&& PtsEnableFlag)) && ! SkipFlag) {                    ...     if (! CtpZeroFlag) {                    ...       if (PbtEnableFlag && !IbcCuFlag && (width / height < 4) && (height / width < 4) && (width >= 8) && (width <= 32) && (height >= 8) && (height <= 32) && (InterpfFlag == 0)) {         pbt_cu_flag ae(v)       }       if (! PbtCuFlag) {                    ...         if (SbtEnableFlag || (IbcCuFlag && PtsEnableFlag)) && (width <= 64) && (height <= 64) && (width > 4 || height > 4) && (InterpfFlag == 0) && ctp_y[0] ) {         sbt_cu_flag u(1)         ...      isIstApply = ((((!IntraCuFlag && !DirectFlag && !SkipFlag && !SbtCuFlag && PhTsInterEnableFlag) || (IntraCuFlag && !IscCuFlag)) && PhIstsEnableFlag) || (IntraCuFlag && !IscCuFlag && !IbcCuFlag && IstEnableFlag) && !DtSplitFlag && width<64 && height<64 && !isChroma      block(i,  blockWidth,  blockHeight,  CuCtp,  IsChroma,  IsPcmMode[i], [[IntraCuFlag]],isIstApply, component)

7.1.7 Transform Block Definition

Transform Block Definition Descriptor block(i, blockWidth, blockHeight, CuCtp, isChroma, isPcm, [[isIntra]] isIstApply, component) {                    ...   if (! isPcm) {     if (CuCtp & (1 << i)) {       if (SrccEnableFlag) {                    ...         if  ([[isIntra  &&  (IstEnableFlag  ||  PhIstsEnableFlag)  &&  !  DtSplitFlag]] isIstApply) {           IstTuFlag  =  (!PhIstsEnableFlag  &&  (scan_region_x  >=16 = || scan_region_y >=16)) ? 0 : NumNonZeroCoeff % 2 ? 1 : 0         }       }       else {                    ...         if ([[isIntra && IstEnableFlag && ! DtSplitFlag]] isIstApply) {           IstTuFlag = NumNonZeroCoeff % 2 ? 1 : 0         }                    ...       }                    ...     }                    ...   }

7.2.2.2 Sequence Header Transform Skip Enable Flag Ts_Inter_Enable_Flag

Binary variable. A value of ‘1’ means that the local transform skip method can be used; a value of ‘0’ means that the local transform skip method should not be used. The value of TsInterEnableFlag is equal to ts_inter_enable_flag. If ts_inter_enable_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of TsInterEnableFlag is 0.

Patrial Transform Skip Enabled Flag Pts_Enable_Flag

Binary variable. A value of ‘1’ means that the local transform skip method can be used; a value of ‘0’ means that the local transform skip method should not be used. The value of PtsEnableFlag is equal to pts_enable_flag. If pts_enable_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of PtsEnableFlag is 0.

Rts_Enable_Flag

Binary variable. A value of ‘1’ indicates that the implicitly selective transform skip method can be used; a value of ‘0’ indicates that the implicitly selective transform skip method should not be used. The value of RtsEnableFlag is equal to rts_enable_flag. If rts_enable_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of RtsEnableFlag is 0.

7.2.3.2 Inter Prediction Header Definition

Transform Skip Enable Flag pH_Ts_Inter_Enable_Flag Binary variable. A value of ‘1’ means that the luminance inter prediction residual block and the luminance direct mode residual block of the current frame use the transform skip method; a value of ‘0’ means the luminance inter prediction residual block and the luminance direct mode residual block of the current frame The difference block cannot use the transform skip method. The value of PhTsInterEnableFlag is equal to the value of ph_ts_inter_enable_flag. If ph_ts_inter_enable_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of PhTsInterEnableFlag is 0. Partial Transform Skip Enabled Flag pH_Pts_Enable_Flag

Binary variable. A value of ‘1’ indicates that the luminance block of the current frame replicates the intra prediction residual block using the transform skip method; the value of ‘0’ indicates that the brightness block of the current frame replicates the intra prediction residual block using the transform skip method. The value of PhPtsEnableFlag is equal to the value of ph_pts_enable_flag. If ph_pts_enable_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of PhPtsEnableFlag is 0.

Partial Transform Skip Enabled Flag pH_Pts_Enable_Flag Binary variable. A value of ‘1’ indicates that the normal luma intra prediction residual block or luma inter prediction residual block or the luma direct mode residual block of the current frame uses the transform skip method; a value of ‘0’ indicates the luma intra prediction block of the current frame The prediction residual block or the luma inter prediction residual block or the luma direct mode residual block cannot use the transform skip method. The value of PhRtsEnableFlag is equal to the value of ph_rts_enable_flag. If ph_rts_enable_flag does not exist in the bit stream, the value of PhRtsEnableFlag is 0.

9.6.3 Inverse Transformation

If the intra prediction mode is neither ‘Intra_Luma_PCM’ nor ‘Intra_Chroma_PCM’ or the current block uses the block copy intra prediction mode, then:

-   -   If PhIstsEnableFlag is 0 and the current transform block is a         luma intra prediction residual block, the values of M1 and M2         are both less than 64 and the value of IstTuFlag is equal to 1,         then the residual sample matrix ResidueMatrix is derived         according to the method defined in 9.6.3.2;     -   Otherwise, if PhIstsEnableFlag is 1, and the current transform         block is a luma intra prediction residual block or a luma block         copy intra prediction residual block or luma inter prediction         residual block, or the value of the current transform block         SbtCuFlag is greater than 0 and PhTsInterEnableFlag is 1 or         IbcCuFlag is 1 and the value of SbtCuFlag is greater than 0, the         values of M1 and M2 are both less than 64 and the value of         IstTuFlag is equal to 1, then the residual sample matrix         ResidueMatrix is derived according to the method defined in         9.6.3.4;     -   Otherwise, the residual sample matrix ResidueMatrix is derived         according to the method defined in 9.6.3.1.

Otherwise (the intra prediction mode is ‘Intra_Luma_PCM’ or ‘Intra_Chroma_PCM’), the residual sample matrix ResidueMatrix is derived according to the method defined in 9.6.3.3.

9.6.3.4 Implicitly Selective Inverse Transform Skip Method

The implicitly selective inverse transform skip method is as follows:

-   -   a) Compute offset shift, shift is equal to 15−BitDepth−((log         M1+log M2)>>1)     -   b) Compute the position index m and n, the calculation process         is as follows:         -   If the current transform block is a normal luma intra             prediction residual block or the value of the current             transform block SbtCuFlag is greater than 0, and             PhRtsEnableFlag is 1:

m=M1−i,n=M2−j

Otherwise:

m=i,n=j

-   -   c) If shift is greater than or equal to 0, the carry factor         rnd_factor is equal to 1<<(shift−1). Get the matrix W from the         transformation coefficient matrix:

w _(ij)=(CoeffMatrix_([[ij)]mn) +rnd_factor)>>shift

-   -   d) If shift is less than 0, let shift=−shift. Get the matrix W         from the transformation matrix:

w _(ij)=(CoeffMatrix_([[ij)]mn) +rnd_factor)<<shift

-   -   e) The matrix W is directly used as the residual sample matrix         ResidueMatrix, and the implicit inverse transformation skip         operation is ended.

5.5. Embodiment #5 9.6.3.4 Implicit Inverse Transformation Skip Method

The skip method of implicit selective inverse transformation is as follows:

-   -   a) Calculate the shift shift, shift is equal to         15−BitDepth−((log M1+log M2)>>1)     -   b) Calculate the position index m and n, the calculation process         is as follows:         -   If the current transform block is a normal luma intra             prediction residual block or the value of the current             transform block SbtCuFlag is greater than 0, and             PhRtsEnableFlag is 1, and m is not equal to (M1/2−1) and n             is not equal to (M2/2) or m Not equal to (M1/2) and n is not             equal to (M2/2−1):

m=M1−i,n=M2−j

otherwise:

m=i,n=j

-   -   c) If shift is greater than or equal to 0, the carry factor         rnd_factor is equal to 1<<(shift−1). Get the matrix W from the         transformation coefficient matrix:

wij=(CoeffMatrixij mn+rnd_factor)>>shift

-   -   d) If shift is less than 0, let shift=−shift. Get the matrix W         from the transformation matrix:

wij=(CoeffMatrixij mn+rnd_factor)<<shift

-   -   e) Take the matrix W directly as the residual sample matrix         ResidueMatrix, and end the skip operation of implicit selective         inverse transformation.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram showing an example video processing system 1700 in which various techniques disclosed herein may be implemented. Various implementations may include some or all of the components of the system 1700. The system 1700 may include input 1702 for receiving video content. The video content may be received in a raw or uncompressed format, e.g., 8 or 10 bit multi-component pixel values, or may be in a compressed or encoded format. The input 1702 may represent a network interface, a peripheral bus interface, or a storage interface. Examples of network interface include wired interfaces such as Ethernet, passive optical network (PON), etc. and wireless interfaces such as Wi-Fi or cellular interfaces.

The system 1700 may include a coding component 1704 that may implement the various coding or encoding methods described in the present document. The coding component 1704 may reduce the average bitrate of video from the input 1702 to the output of the coding component 1704 to produce a coded representation of the video. The coding techniques are therefore sometimes called video compression or video transcoding techniques. The output of the coding component 1704 may be either stored, or transmitted via a communication connected, as represented by the component 1706. The stored or communicated bitstream (or coded) representation of the video received at the input 1702 may be used by the component 1708 for generating pixel values or displayable video that is sent to a display interface 1710. The process of generating user-viewable video from the bitstream representation is sometimes called video decompression. Furthermore, while certain video processing operations are referred to as “coding” operations or tools, it will be appreciated that the coding tools or operations are used at an encoder and corresponding decoding tools or operations that reverse the results of the coding will be performed by a decoder.

Examples of a peripheral bus interface or a display interface may include universal serial bus (USB) or high definition multimedia interface (HDMI) or Displayport, and so on. Examples of storage interfaces include SATA (serial advanced technology attachment), PCI, IDE interface, and the like. The techniques described in the present document may be embodied in various electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, smartphones or other devices that are capable of performing digital data processing and/or video display.

FIG. 21 is a block diagram of a video processing apparatus 2100. The apparatus 2100 may be used to implement one or more of the methods described herein. The apparatus 2100 may be embodied in a smartphone, tablet, computer, Internet of Things (IoT) receiver, and so on. The apparatus 2100 may include one or more processors 2102, one or more memories 2104 and video processing hardware 2106. The processor(s) 2102 may be configured to implement one or more methods described in the present document. The memory (memories) 2104 may be used for storing data and code used for implementing the methods and techniques described herein. The video processing hardware 2106 may be used to implement, in hardware circuitry, some techniques described in the present document.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram that illustrates an example video coding system 100 that may utilize the techniques of this disclosure.

As shown in FIG. 18 , video coding system 100 may include a source device 110 and a destination device 120. Source device 110 generates encoded video data which may be referred to as a video encoding device. Destination device 120 may decode the encoded video data generated by source device 110 which may be referred to as a video decoding device.

Source device 110 may include a video source 112, a video encoder 114, and an input/output (I/O) interface 116.

Video source 112 may include a source such as a video capture device, an interface to receive video data from a video content provider, and/or a computer graphics system for generating video data, or a combination of such sources. The video data may comprise one or more pictures. Video encoder 114 encodes the video data from video source 112 to generate a bitstream. The bitstream may include a sequence of bits that form a coded representation of the video data. The bitstream may include coded pictures and associated data. The coded picture is a coded representation of a picture. The associated data may include sequence parameter sets, picture parameter sets, and other syntax structures. I/O interface 116 may include a modulator/demodulator (modem) and/or a transmitter. The encoded video data may be transmitted directly to destination device 120 via I/O interface 116 through network 130 a. The encoded video data may also be stored onto a storage medium/server 130 b for access by destination device 120.

Destination device 120 may include an I/O interface 126, a video decoder 124, and a display device 122.

I/O interface 126 may include a receiver and/or a modem. I/O interface 126 may acquire encoded video data from the source device 110 or the storage medium/server 130 b. Video decoder 124 may decode the encoded video data. Display device 122 may display the decoded video data to a user. Display device 122 may be integrated with the destination device 120, or may be external to destination device 120 which be configured to interface with an external display device.

Video encoder 114 and video decoder 124 may operate according to a video compression standard, such as the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, Versatile Video Coding (VVM) standard and other current and/or further standards.

FIG. 19 is a block diagram illustrating an example of video encoder 200, which may be video encoder 114 in the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 18 .

Video encoder 200 may be configured to perform any or all of the techniques of this disclosure. In the example of FIG. 19 , video encoder 200 includes a plurality of functional components. The techniques described in this disclosure may be shared among the various components of video encoder 200. In some examples, a processor may be configured to perform any or all of the techniques described in this disclosure.

The functional components of video encoder 200 may include a partition unit 201, a predication unit 202 which may include a mode select unit 203, a motion estimation unit 204, a motion compensation unit 205 and an intra prediction unit 206, a residual generation unit 207, a transform unit 208, a quantization unit 209, an inverse quantization unit 210, an inverse transform unit 211, a reconstruction unit 212, a buffer 213, and an entropy encoding unit 214.

In other examples, video encoder 200 may include more, fewer, or different functional components. In an example, predication unit 202 may include an intra block copy (IBC) unit. The IBC unit may perform predication in an IBC mode in which at least one reference picture is a picture where the current video block is located.

Furthermore, some components, such as motion estimation unit 204 and motion compensation unit 205 may be highly integrated, but are represented in the example of FIG. 19 separately for purposes of explanation.

Partition unit 201 may partition a picture into one or more video blocks. Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may support various video block sizes.

Mode select unit 203 may select one of the coding modes, intra or inter, e.g., based on error results, and provide the resulting intra- or inter-coded block to a residual generation unit 207 to generate residual block data and to a reconstruction unit 212 to reconstruct the encoded block for use as a reference picture. In some example, Mode select unit 203 may select a combination of intra and inter predication (CIIP) mode in which the predication is based on an inter predication signal and an intra predication signal. Mode select unit 203 may also select a resolution for a motion vector (e.g., a sub-pixel or integer pixel precision) for the block in the case of inter-predication.

To perform inter prediction on a current video block, motion estimation unit 204 may generate motion information for the current video block by comparing one or more reference frames from buffer 213 to the current video block. Motion compensation unit 205 may determine a predicted video block for the current video block based on the motion information and decoded samples of pictures from buffer 213 other than the picture associated with the current video block.

Motion estimation unit 204 and motion compensation unit 205 may perform different operations for a current video block, for example, depending on whether the current video block is in an I slice, a P slice, or a B slice.

In some examples, motion estimation unit 204 may perform uni-directional prediction for the current video block, and motion estimation unit 204 may search reference pictures of list 0 or list 1 for a reference video block for the current video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may then generate a reference index that indicates the reference picture in list 0 or list 1 that contains the reference video block and a motion vector that indicates a spatial displacement between the current video block and the reference video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may output the reference index, a prediction direction indicator, and the motion vector as the motion information of the current video block. Motion compensation unit 205 may generate the predicted video block of the current block based on the reference video block indicated by the motion information of the current video block.

In other examples, motion estimation unit 204 may perform bi-directional prediction for the current video block, motion estimation unit 204 may search the reference pictures in list 0 for a reference video block for the current video block and may also search the reference pictures in list 1 for another reference video block for the current video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may then generate reference indexes that indicate the reference pictures in list 0 and list 1 containing the reference video blocks and motion vectors that indicate spatial displacements between the reference video blocks and the current video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may output the reference indexes and the motion vectors of the current video block as the motion information of the current video block. Motion compensation unit 205 may generate the predicted video block of the current video block based on the reference video blocks indicated by the motion information of the current video block.

In some examples, motion estimation unit 204 may output a full set of motion information for decoding processing of a decoder.

In some examples, motion estimation unit 204 may do not output a full set of motion information for the current video. Rather, motion estimation unit 204 may signal the motion information of the current video block with reference to the motion information of another video block. For example, motion estimation unit 204 may determine that the motion information of the current video block is sufficiently similar to the motion information of a neighboring video block.

In one example, motion estimation unit 204 may indicate, in a syntax structure associated with the current video block, a value that indicates to the video decoder 300 that the current video block has the same motion information as the another video block.

In another example, motion estimation unit 204 may identify, in a syntax structure associated with the current video block, another video block and a motion vector difference (MVD). The motion vector difference indicates a difference between the motion vector of the current video block and the motion vector of the indicated video block. The video decoder 300 may use the motion vector of the indicated video block and the motion vector difference to determine the motion vector of the current video block.

As discussed above, video encoder 200 may predictively signal the motion vector. Two examples of predictive signaling techniques that may be implemented by video encoder 200 include advanced motion vector predication (AMVP) and merge mode signaling.

Intra prediction unit 206 may perform intra prediction on the current video block. When intra prediction unit 206 performs intra prediction on the current video block, intra prediction unit 206 may generate prediction data for the current video block based on decoded samples of other video blocks in the same picture. The prediction data for the current video block may include a predicted video block and various syntax elements.

Residual generation unit 207 may generate residual data for the current video block by subtracting (e.g., indicated by the minus sign) the predicted video block(s) of the current video block from the current video block. The residual data of the current video block may include residual video blocks that correspond to different sample components of the samples in the current video block.

In other examples, there may be no residual data for the current video block for the current video block, for example in a skip mode, and residual generation unit 207 may not perform the subtracting operation.

Transform processing unit 208 may generate one or more transform coefficient video blocks for the current video block by applying one or more transforms to a residual video block associated with the current video block.

After transform processing unit 208 generates a transform coefficient video block associated with the current video block, quantization unit 209 may quantize the transform coefficient video block associated with the current video block based on one or more quantization parameter (QP) values associated with the current video block.

Inverse quantization unit 210 and inverse transform unit 211 may apply inverse quantization and inverse transforms to the transform coefficient video block, respectively, to reconstruct a residual video block from the transform coefficient video block. Reconstruction unit 212 may add the reconstructed residual video block to corresponding samples from one or more predicted video blocks generated by the predication unit 202 to produce a reconstructed video block associated with the current block for storage in the buffer 213.

After reconstruction unit 212 reconstructs the video block, loop filtering operation may be performed reduce video blocking artifacts in the video block.

Entropy encoding unit 214 may receive data from other functional components of the video encoder 200. When entropy encoding unit 214 receives the data, entropy encoding unit 214 may perform one or more entropy encoding operations to generate entropy encoded data and output a bitstream that includes the entropy encoded data.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating an example of video decoder 300 which may be video decoder 114 in the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 18 .

The video decoder 300 may be configured to perform any or all of the techniques of this disclosure. In the example of FIG. 20 , the video decoder 300 includes a plurality of functional components. The techniques described in this disclosure may be shared among the various components of the video decoder 300. In some examples, a processor may be configured to perform any or all of the techniques described in this disclosure.

In the example of FIG. 20 , video decoder 300 includes an entropy decoding unit 301, a motion compensation unit 302, an intra prediction unit 303, an inverse quantization unit 304, an inverse transformation unit 305, and a reconstruction unit 306 and a buffer 307. Video decoder 300 may, in some examples, perform a decoding pass generally reciprocal to the encoding pass described with respect to video encoder 200 (FIG. 19 ).

Entropy decoding unit 301 may retrieve an encoded bitstream. The encoded bitstream may include entropy coded video data (e.g., encoded blocks of video data). Entropy decoding unit 301 may decode the entropy coded video data, and from the entropy decoded video data, motion compensation unit 302 may determine motion information including motion vectors, motion vector precision, reference picture list indexes, and other motion information. Motion compensation unit 302 may, for example, determine such information by performing the AMVP and merge mode.

Motion compensation unit 302 may produce motion compensated blocks, possibly performing interpolation based on interpolation filters. Identifiers for interpolation filters to be used with sub-pixel precision may be included in the syntax elements.

Motion compensation unit 302 may use interpolation filters as used by video encoder 20 during encoding of the video block to calculate interpolated values for sub-integer pixels of a reference block. Motion compensation unit 302 may determine the interpolation filters used by video encoder 200 according to received syntax information and use the interpolation filters to produce predictive blocks.

Motion compensation unit 302 may uses some of the syntax information to determine sizes of blocks used to encode frame(s) and/or slice(s) of the encoded video sequence, partition information that describes how each macroblock of a picture of the encoded video sequence is partitioned, modes indicating how each partition is encoded, one or more reference frames (and reference frame lists) for each inter-encoded block, and other information to decode the encoded video sequence.

Intra prediction unit 303 may use intra prediction modes for example received in the bitstream to form a prediction block from spatially adjacent blocks. Inverse quantization unit 303 inverse quantizes, e.g., de-quantizes, the quantized video block coefficients provided in the bitstream and decoded by entropy decoding unit 301. Inverse transform unit 303 applies an inverse transform.

Reconstruction unit 306 may sum the residual blocks with the corresponding prediction blocks generated by motion compensation unit 202 or intra-prediction unit 303 to form decoded blocks. If desired, a deblocking filter may also be applied to filter the decoded blocks in order to remove blockiness artifacts. The decoded video blocks are then stored in buffer 307, which provides reference blocks for subsequent motion compensation/intra predication and also produces decoded video for presentation on a display device.

A listing of solutions preferred by some embodiments is provided next.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., item 1).

-   -   1. A video processing method (e.g., method 2200 depicted in FIG.         22 ) comprising: making a determination (2202), for a conversion         between a video block of a video and a coded representation of         the video, whether a horizontal or a vertical identity transform         is applied to the video block, based on a rule; and performing         (2204) the conversion based on the determination, wherein the         rule specifies a relationship between the determination and         representative coefficients from decoded coefficients of one or         more representative blocks of the video.     -   2. The method of solution 1, wherein the one or more         representative blocks belong to a color component to which the         video block belongs.     -   3. The method of solution 1, wherein the one or more         representative blocks belong to a different color component than         that of the video block.     -   4. The method of any of solutions 1-3, wherein the one or more         representative blocks correspond to the video block.     -   5. The method of any of solutions 1-3, wherein the one or more         representative blocks exclude the video block.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., items 1 and 2).

-   -   6. The method of any of solutions 1-5, wherein the         representative coefficients comprise decoded coefficients having         non-zero values.     -   7. The method of any of solutions 1-6, wherein the relationship         specifies to use the representative coefficients based on         modified coefficients that are determined by modifying the         representative coefficients.     -   8. The method of any of solutions 1-7, wherein the         representative coefficients correspond to significant         coefficients of the decoded coefficients.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., item 3).

-   -   9. A video processing method, comprising: making a         determination, for a conversion between a video block of a video         and a coded representation of the video, whether a horizontal or         a vertical identity transform is applied to the video block,         based on a rule; and performing the conversion based on the         determination, wherein the rule specifies a relationship between         the determination and decoded luma coefficients of the video         block.     -   10. The method of solution 1, wherein performing the conversion         comprises applying the horizontal or the vertical identity         transform luma component of the video block and applying DCT2 to         chroma components of the video block.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., items 1 and 4).

-   -   11. A video processing method, comprising: making a         determination, for a conversion between a video block of a video         and a coded representation of the video, whether a horizontal or         a vertical identity transform is applied to the video block,         based on a rule; and performing the conversion based on the         determination, wherein the rule specifies a relationship between         the determination and a value V associates with representative         coefficients of decoded coefficients or a representative block.     -   12. The method of solution 11, wherein V is equal to a number of         representative coefficients.     -   13. The method of solution 11, wherein V is equal to a sum of         values of the representative coefficients.     -   14. The method of solution 11, wherein V is a function of         residual energy distribution of the representative coefficients.     -   15. The method of any of solutions 11-14, wherein the         relationship is defined with respect to a parity of the value V.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., item 5).

-   -   16. The method of any of above solutions, wherein the rule         specifies that the relationship is further dependent on a coded         information of the video block.     -   17. The method of solution 16, wherein the coded information is         a coding mode of the video block.     -   18. The method of solution 16, wherein the coded information         includes a smallest rectangular region that covers all         significant coefficients of the video block.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., item 6).

-   -   19. The method of any of above solutions, wherein the         determination is performed due to the video block having a mode         or a constraint on coefficients.     -   20. The method of solution 19, wherein the type corresponds to         an intra-block copy (IBC) mode.     -   21. The method of solution 19, wherein the constraint on         coefficients is such that coefficients outside a rectangular         interior of the current block are zero.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., item 7).

-   -   22. The method of any of solutions 1-21, wherein, in case that         the determination is not to use the horizontal and the vertical         identity transform, the conversion is performed using a DCT-2 or         a DST-7 transform.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., items 9).

-   -   23. The method of any of solutions 1-22, wherein one or more         syntax fields in the coded representation is indicative of         whether the method is enabled for the video block.     -   24. The method of solution 23, wherein the one or more syntax         fields are included at a sequence level or a picture level or a         slice level or a tile group level or a tile level or subpicture         level.     -   25. The method of any of solutions 23-24, wherein the one or         more syntax fields are included in a slice header or a picture         header.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., items 1 and 8).

-   -   26. A video processing method, comprising: determining that one         or more syntax fields are present in a coded representation of a         video wherein the video contains one or more video blocks;         making a determination, based on the one or more syntax fields,         whether a horizontal or a vertical identity transform is enabled         for video blocks in the video.     -   27. The method of solution 1, wherein in response that the one         or more syntax fields indications implicit determination of         transform skip mode is enabled, making a determination, for a         conversion between a first video block of the video and the         coded representation of the video, whether a horizontal or a         vertical identity transform is applied to the video block, based         on a rule; and performing the conversion based on the         determination, wherein the rule specifies a relationship between         the determination and representative coefficients from decoded         coefficients of one or more representative blocks of the video.     -   28. The method of solution 27, the first video block is coded         with an intra block copy mode.     -   29. The method of solution 27, the first video block is coded         with an intra mode.     -   30. The method of solution 27, the first video block is coded         with intra mode but not a derived tree (DT) mode.     -   31. The method of solution 27, the determination is based on the         parity of number of non-zero coefficients in the first video         block.     -   32. The method of solution 27, when the parity of number of         non-zero coefficients in the first video block is even,         horizontal and vertical identity transform is applied to the         first video block.     -   33. The method of solution 27, when the parity of number of         non-zero coefficients in the first video block is even,         horizontal and vertical identity transform is not applied to the         first video block.     -   34. The method of solution 33, DCT-2 is applied to the first         video block.     -   35. The method of solution 32, further including in response         that the one or more syntax fields indications implicit         determination of transform skip mode is disabled, horizontal and         vertical identity transform is not applied to the first video         block.     -   36. The method of solution 32, wherein DCT-2 is applied to the         first video block.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., items 9, 10).

-   -   37. A method of video processing, comprising: making a first         determination regarding whether use of an identity transform is         enabled for a conversion between a video block of a video and a         coded representation of the video; making a second determination         regarding whether a zero-out operation is enabled during the         conversion; and performing the conversion based on the first         determination and the second determination.     -   38. The method of solution 37, wherein one or more syntax fields         at a first level in the coded representation are indicative of         the first determination.     -   39. The method of any of solutions 37-38, wherein one or more         syntax fields at a second level in the coded representation are         indicative of the second determination.     -   40. The method of any of solutions 38-39, wherein the first         level and the second level correspond to a header field at         sequence or picture level or a parameter set at a sequence level         or a picture level or an adaptation parameter set.     -   41. The method of any of solutions 37-40, wherein the conversion         uses either the identify transform or the zero-out operation but         not both.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., items 12 and 13).

-   -   42. A video processing method, comprising: performing a         conversion between a video block of a video and a coded         representation of the video; wherein the video block is         represented in the coded representation as a coded block,         wherein non-zero coefficients of the coded block are restricted         to be within one or more sub-regions; and wherein an identity         transform is applied for generating the coded block.     -   43. The method of solution 1, wherein the one or more         sub-regions comprises a top-right sub-region of the video block         having a dimension K×L, where K and L are integers, and K is         min(T1, W) and L is min(T2, H) wherein W and H are width and         height of the video block, respectively and T1 and T2 are         thresholds.     -   44. The method of any of solutions 42-43, wherein the coded         representation indicates the one or more sub-regions.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., items 16 and 17).

-   -   45. The method of any of solutions 1-44, wherein the video         region comprises a video coding unit.     -   46. The method of solutions 1-45, wherein the video region is a         prediction unit or a transform unit.     -   47. The method of any of solutions 1-46, wherein the video block         meets a certain dimension condition.     -   48. The method of any of solutions 1-47, wherein the video block         is coded using a pre-specified quantization parameter range.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., items 18-23).

-   -   49. A method of video processing, comprising: performing a         conversion between a video comprising one or more video regions         and a coded representation of the video, wherein the coded         representation complies with a format rule; wherein the format         rule specifies that coefficients of a video region are reordered         according to a map after parsing from the coded representation.     -   50. The method of solution 49, wherein the coefficients are         reordered prior to de-quantization, prior to inverse         transformation or prior to reconstruction.     -   51. The method of any of solutions 49-50, wherein the format         rule specifies that the video region corresponds to a coding         unit or a transform unit or a prediction unit.     -   52. The method of any of solutions 49-51, wherein the format         rule specifies that a coded information of the coded         representation determines how to reorder the coefficients after         parsing.     -   53. The method of any of solutions 49-52, wherein the format         rule specifies that the map is determined by a transform type         used in a slice or a picture or a tile type of the video region.     -   54. The method of any of solutions 49-52, wherein the format         rule specifies that the map is determined by a transform type         used in a coding tree unit, a coding unit or a block type for         the video region.     -   55. The method of any of solutions 49-52, wherein the format         rule specifies that the map is determined by syntax field         included in a parameter set or a header field in the coded         representation.

The following solutions show example embodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., items 24-25).

-   -   56. A method of video processing, comprising: determining, for a         conversion of a video block of a video and a coded         representation of the video, whether the video block meets a         condition for signaling in the coded representation as a partial         residual block; and performing the conversion according to         determining; wherein the partial residual block is partitioned         into at least two parts, with at least one part having no         non-zero residues signaled in the coded representation.     -   57. The method of solution 56, wherein the condition is based on         a mode used for coding the video block into the coded         representation.     -   58. The method of solutions 56-57, wherein one or more of the at         least two parts are signaled in the coded representation         according to a format rule.     -   59. The method of any of solutions 1-58, wherein the video         region comprises a video picture.     -   60. The method of any of solutions 1 to 59, wherein the         conversion comprises encoding the video into the coded         representation.     -   61. The method of any of solutions 1 to 59, wherein the         conversion comprises decoding the coded representation to         generate pixel values of the video.     -   62. A video decoding apparatus comprising a processor configured         to implement a method recited in one or more of solutions 1 to         61.     -   63. A video encoding apparatus comprising a processor configured         to implement a method recited in one or more of solutions 1 to         61.     -   64. A computer program product having computer code stored         thereon, the code, when executed by a processor, causes the         processor to implement a method recited in any of solutions 1 to         61.     -   65. A method, apparatus or system described in the present         document.

FIG. 26 is a flowchart representation of a method 2600 for video processing in accordance with the present technology. The method 2600 includes, at operation 2610, performing a conversion between a current block of a video and a bitstream of the video. The arrangement of coefficients corresponding to samples of the current block in the bitstream, prior to the being used in a reconstruction of the current block, is according to a rule responsive to locations of the samples of the current block.

In some embodiments, the rule specifies that, for a subset of samples that satisfies at least one condition, coefficients for the subset of samples in the current block are rearranged in a reversed order. In some embodiments, the location of the sample is represented as (i, j) and the coefficients for the sample are represented as C(i, j), where i=0, 1, . . . , M−1 and j=0, 1, . . . , N−1. Coefficients in the reversed order are represented as C′(i, j)=C(M−1−I, N−1−j). In some embodiments, the location of the sample is represented as (i, j), where i=0, 1, . . . , M−1 and j=0, 1, . . . , N−1. The coefficients for the sample (i, j) are rearranged in the reversed order in response to the sample satisfying the condition that (i, j)≠(M/2−1, N/2) and (i, j)≠(M/2, N/2−1). In some embodiments, the location of the sample is represented as (i, j), where i=0, 1, . . . , M−1 and j=0, 1, . . . , N−1. The coefficients for the sample (i, j) are rearranged in the reversed order in response to the sample satisfying the condition that (i<M/2−S1∥i>M/2+S2) && (j<N/2−S3∥j>N/2+S4), where S1, S2, S3, and S4 are integers. In some embodiments, S1=S3=1 and S2=S4=0. In some embodiments, the location of the sample is represented as (i, j), where i=0, 1, . . . , M−1 and j=0, 1, . . . , N−1. The coefficients for the sample (i, j) are rearranged in the reversed order in response to the sample satisfying the condition that (i, j)≠(M−1, 0) and (i, j)≠(0, N−1).

In some embodiments, the rule further specifies that, for samples that do not satisfy the condition, coefficients for the samples are arranged in an original order determined during the conversion. In some embodiments, the at least one condition comprises a condition specifying whether a transform skip mode is applied to the current block. In some embodiments, the transform skip mode being applied to the current block is indicated using an implicit selection.

In some embodiments, the conversion comprises encoding the video into the bitstream. In some embodiments, the conversion comprises decoding the bitstream to generate the video.

In the present document, the term “video processing” may refer to video encoding, video decoding, video compression or video decompression. For example, video compression algorithms may be applied during conversion from pixel representation of a video to a corresponding bitstream representation or vice versa. The bitstream representation of a current video block may, for example, correspond to bits that are either co-located or spread in different places within the bitstream, as is defined by the syntax. For example, a macroblock may be encoded in terms of transformed and coded error residual values and also using bits in headers and other fields in the bitstream. Furthermore, during conversion, a decoder may parse a bitstream with the knowledge that some fields may be present, or absent, based on the determination, as is described in the above solutions. Similarly, an encoder may determine that certain syntax fields are or are not to be included and generate the coded representation accordingly by including or excluding the syntax fields from the coded representation.

The disclosed and other solutions, examples, embodiments, modules and the functional operations described in this document can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this document and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. The disclosed and other embodiments can be implemented as one or more computer program products, e.g., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. The computer readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more them. The term “data processing apparatus” encompasses all apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them. A propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus.

A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

The processes and logic flows described in this document can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory or a random-access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computer need not have such devices. Computer readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto optical disks; and CD ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

While this patent document contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any subject matter or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of particular techniques. Certain features that are described in this patent document in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described in this patent document should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments.

Only a few implementations and examples are described and other implementations, enhancements and variations can be made based on what is described and illustrated in this patent document. 

1. A method of processing video data, comprising: performing a conversion between a current block of a video and a bitstream of the video, wherein coefficients of the current block in the bitstream are arranged before being used in a reconstruction of the current block according to a rule responsive to locations of the coefficients of the current block.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the rule specifies that, for a subset of coefficients that satisfies at least one condition, the subset of coefficients in the current block are rearranged in a reversed order.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the location of the coefficient is represented as (i, j) and the coefficients are represented as C(i, j), where i=0, 1, . . . , M−1 and j=0, 1, . . . , N−1, and wherein coefficients in the reversed order are represented as C′(i, j)=C(M−1−i, N−1−j).
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the coefficients located at (i, j) are rearranged in the reversed order in response to the coefficients satisfying the condition that (i, j)≠(M/2−1, N/2) and (i, j)≠(M/2, N/2−1).
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the rule further specifies that, coefficient that do not satisfy the condition are arranged in an original order determined during the conversion.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the coefficient located at (i, j)=(M/2−1, N/2) is rearranged in the original order represented as C′(M/2−1, N/2)=C(M/2−1, N/2).
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the coefficient located at (i, j)=(M/2, N/2−1) is rearranged in the original order represented as C′(M/2, N/2−1)=C(M/2, N/2−1).
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the current block is a luma intra prediction residual block and a transform skip mode is applied to the current block, wherein the transform skip mode being applied to the current block is indicated using an implicit selection.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the conversion comprises encoding the video into the bitstream.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the conversion comprises decoding the video from the bitstream.
 11. An apparatus for processing video data comprising a processor and a non-transitory memory with instructions thereon, wherein the instructions upon execution by the processor, cause the processor to: perform a conversion between a current block of a video and a bitstream of the video, wherein coefficients of the current block in the bitstream are arranged before being used in a reconstruction of the current block according to a rule responsive to locations of the coefficients of the current block.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the rule specifies that, for a subset of coefficients that satisfies at least one condition, the subset of coefficients in the current block are rearranged in a reversed order, wherein the location of the coefficient is represented as (i, j) and the coefficients are represented as C(i, j), where i=0, 1, . . . , M−1 and j=0, 1, . . . , N−1, and wherein coefficients in the reversed order are represented as C′(i, j)=C(M−1−i, N−1−j), and wherein the coefficients located at (i, j) are rearranged in the reversed order in response to the coefficients satisfying the condition that (i, j)≠(M/2−1, N/2) and (i, j)≠(M/2, N/2−1).
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the rule further specifies that, coefficient that do not satisfy the condition are arranged in an original order determined during the conversion, wherein the coefficient located at (i, j)=(M/2−1, N/2) is rearranged in the original order represented as C′(M/2−1, N/2)=C(M/2−1, N/2), and wherein the coefficient located at (i, j)=(M/2, N/2−1) is rearranged in the original order represented as C′(M/2, N/2−1)=C(M/2, N/2−1).
 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the current block is a luma intra prediction residual block and a transform skip mode is applied to the current block, wherein the transform skip mode being applied to the current block is indicated using an implicit selection.
 15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that cause a processor to: perform a conversion between a current block of a video and a bitstream of the video, wherein coefficients of the current block in the bitstream are arranged before being used in a reconstruction of the current block according to a rule responsive to locations of the coefficients of the current block.
 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the rule specifies that, for a subset of coefficients that satisfies at least one condition, the subset of coefficients in the current block are rearranged in a reversed order, wherein the location of the coefficient is represented as (i, j) and the coefficients are represented as C(i, j), where i=0, 1, . . . , M−1 and j=0, 1, . . . , N−1, and wherein coefficients in the reversed order are represented as C′(i, j)=C(M−1−i, N−1−j), and wherein the coefficients located at (i, j) are rearranged in the reversed order in response to the coefficients satisfying the condition that (i, j)≠(M/2−1, N/2) and (i, j)≠(M/2, N/2−1).
 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the rule further specifies that, coefficient that do not satisfy the condition are arranged in an original order determined during the conversion, wherein the coefficient located at (i, j)=(M/2−1, N/2) is rearranged in the original order represented as C′(M/2−1, N/2)=C(M/2−1, N/2), and wherein the coefficient located at (i, j)=(M/2, N/2−1) is rearranged in the original order represented as C′(M/2, N/2−1)=C(M/2, N/2−1).
 18. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a bitstream of a video which is generated by a method performed by a video processing apparatus, wherein the method comprises: generating a bitstream of the video from a current block of a video, wherein coefficients of the current block in the bitstream are arranged before being used in a reconstruction of the current block according to a rule responsive to locations of the coefficients of the current block.
 19. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 18, wherein the rule specifies that, for a subset of coefficients that satisfies at least one condition, the subset of coefficients in the current block are rearranged in a reversed order, wherein the location of the coefficient is represented as (i, j) and the coefficients are represented as C(i, j), where i=0, 1, . . . , M−1 and j=0, 1, . . . , N−1, and wherein coefficients in the reversed order are represented as C′(i, j)=C(M−1−i, N−1−j), and wherein the coefficients located at (i, j) are rearranged in the reversed order in response to the coefficients satisfying the condition that (i, j)≠(M/2−1, N/2) and (i, j)≠(M/2, N/2−1).
 20. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium of claim 19, wherein the rule further specifies that, coefficient that do not satisfy the condition are arranged in an original order determined during the generating, wherein the coefficient located at (i, j)=(M/2−1, N/2) is rearranged in the original order represented as C′(M/2−1, N/2)=C(M/2−1, N/2), and wherein the coefficient located at (i, j)=(M/2, N/2−1) is rearranged in the original order represented as C′(M/2, N/2−1)=C(M/2, N/2−1). 